Chapter 4 Flashcards
Hydrophobic swelling
cellular swelling due to accumulation of water - first manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury - comes from malfunction of NaK+ pump - any injury that results in loss of ATP will also result in it
Characteristics of hydrophobic swelling
- large pale cytoplasm
- dilated ER
- Swollen mitochondria
- increase in size and weight
Intracellular accumulaions
excess accumulations of substances in cells. Can lead to cellular injury due to :
- toxicity
- immune response
- taking up cellular space
Characteristics of Intracellular Accumulations
- accumulation of excessive amounts of normal intracellulat substance
- accumulation of abnormal substances from faulty metabolism or synthesis
- accumulation of pigment or particles that cell is unable to degrade
- common site of accumulation ; liver
- limit protein damage; chaperone proteins and ubiquitin-proteosome complex
Atrophy
cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal an injurious factors
General causes of Atrophy
- disuse
- denervation
- ischemia
- nutrient starvation
- interruption of endocrine signal
- persistent cell injury
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
General cause of hypertrophy
increased cellular protein content
Hyperplasia
increase in the functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic division
Causes of Hyperplasia
- usually in response to increased physiologic demands or normal hormonal stimulation
- persistent cell injury
- chronic irritation of epithelial cells
Metaplasia
Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
Cause of Metaplasia
adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious stimulation (smokers)
(is fully reversible)
Dysplasia
Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement - represents an adaptive effort gone astray - significant potential to transform into cancerous cell
Necrosis (irreversible)
usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury (cell death)
Coagulative Necrosis
- process that begins with ischemia
- ends with degradation of plasma membrane
Liquefactive Necrosis
- occurs with dissolution of dead cells
- liquification of lysosomal enzymes
- formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue
Fat Necrosis
- death of adipose tissue
- usually the result of trauma or pancreatitis
- appears as a chalky white area of tissue
Caseous Necrosis
- characteristic of lung damage secondary to tuberculosis
- resembles clumpy cheese
Reversible Cellular Damage
- includes hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia
- characterized by cell rupture, spilling of contents into extracellular fluid, and inflammation
Gangrene
- cellular death in a large area of tissue
- results from the interruption of blood supply to a particular part of the body
Dry gangrene
a form of coagulative necrosis characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue
Wet gangrene
a form of liquefactive necrosis that is typically found in internal organs. Can be fatal
Gas Gangrene
Results from the infection of necrotic tissue by the anaerobic bacteria clostridium. Characterized by the formation of gas bubbles in damaged muscle tissue. Can be fatal
Apoptosis
Occurs when an injury does not directly kill the cell. Cell suicide. Doesn’t cause inflammation
Local and systemic indicators of cell death (necrosis)
- pain
- ELEVATED SERUM ENZYME LEVELS
- Inflammation
- loss of function
Troponin
troponin levels are tested to confirm heart attack
Types of necrosis as related to tissue type
Heart(coagulative)
Brain(liquefactive)
Lung(caseous)
Pancreas(fat)
Lipase
levels are checked when abdominal pain is present
Tissue Hypoxia
most often caused by ischemia; causes power failure in the cell (mitochondrial death). Disrupts oxygen supply and accumulates metabolic waste
(tissue hypoxia to the whole body is less likely to cause death than hypoxia to a specific area)
Ischemia
- a restriction in blood supply to tissue
- cellular events that lead to lactic acidosis (a rise in lactic acid that causes damage to the cell)
- can be reversible up to a point
Reperfusion
when a blockage is removed and there is a rush of oxygenated blood to the ischemic area. This causes damage to the cell through calcium overload, formation of free radicals, and inflammation
Common causes of malnutrition
poverty chronic alcoholism acute/chronic illness self imposed dietary restrictions malabsorption syndromes
Weight numbers
BMI > 27 = health risk (overweight)
BMI > 30 = obesity
Factors of physical and mechanical injury
extreme temps abrupt changes in atmosphereic pressure mechanical deformation electricity ionizing radiation
- emia
coming from or of the blood
- tosis
abnormal or diseased condition
Somatic Death
death of the entire organism. Results in: - Rigormortis - release of lytic enzymes in body tissues (postmortem autolysis) - Brain death
Rigor Mortis
presence of stiffened muscles throughout body after death
