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AP Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until it’s division into two daughter cells

A

Cell cycle

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1
Q

Reproduction of cells

A

Cell division

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2
Q

A cell’s endowment of DNA, its genetic information

A

Genome

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3
Q

Structures that pack and hold DNA molecules

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

The entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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5
Q

All body cells except reproductive cells

A

Somatic cells

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6
Q

Reproductive cells

A

Gametes

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7
Q

Joined copies of an original chromosome

A

Sister chromatids

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8
Q

A region containing specific DNA where the chromatid is attached to its sister chromatid

A

Centromere

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9
Q

The division of genetic material in the nucleus

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

The division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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11
Q

Phase of the cell cycle that includes both mitosis and cytokinesis

A

Mitotic (M) phase

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12
Q

Longest stage of the cycle, divided into three subphases

A

Interphase

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13
Q

First gap of cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins

A

G1 phase

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14
Q

Synthesis phase of the cell cycle, portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated

A

S phase

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15
Q

Second gap of cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

A

G2 phase

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16
Q

First stage of mitosis, chromatin condenses and Mitotic spindle forms

A

Prophase

17
Q

Second stage of mitosis, nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of the chromosomes

A

Prometaphase

18
Q

Third stage of mitosis, spindle is complete and chromosomes attached to microtubules at their kinetochores

A

Metaphase

19
Q

Fourth stage of mitosis, chromatids of each chromosome have separated and daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell

A

Anaphase

20
Q

Final stage of mitosis, daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has begun

A

Telophase

21
Q

Structure consisting of microtubules that split the chromosomes apart

A

Mitotic spindle

22
Q

A subcellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell’s microtubules

A

Centrosome

23
Q

A radial array of short microtubules

A

Aster

24
Q

A structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere

A

Kinetochore

25
Q

Imaginary plane that is directly in between the two spindles where the chromosomes line up before splitting

A

Metaphase plate

26
Q

A process that causes cytokinesis and the forming of two new cells

A

Cleavage

27
Q

A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

A

Cleavage furrow

28
Q

Structure in plant cells during mitosis that is used to divide the cell instead of a cleavage furrow

A

Cell plate

29
Q

Term meaning “division in half”

A

Binary fission

30
Q

In bacteria, the specific place where the chromosomes begin to replicate

A

Origin of replication

31
Q

A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

A

Cell cycle control system

32
Q

A control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

A

Checkpoint

33
Q

A non dividing state of a cell, most cells are in this state

A

Gzero phase

34
Q

A protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

A

Growth factor

35
Q

A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

A

Density-dependent inhibition

36
Q

A phenomenon in which cells must be attached to the extracellular matrix of a tissue to divide

A

Anchorage dependence

37
Q

The process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell

A

Transformation

38
Q

A tumor that doesn’t cause serious problems and can be completely removed by surgery

A

Benign tumor

39
Q

Tumor that spreads to new tissue and impairs the function of organs

A

Malignant tumor

40
Q

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from the site of origin

A

Metastasis

AP Biology (12 decks)

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