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AP Biology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

The synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA

A

Transcription

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1
Q

The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

A

Gene expression

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2
Q

An RNA molecule that carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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3
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA

A

Translation

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4
Q

The site of translation; complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

A

Ribosomes

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5
Q

The initial RNA transcript from any gene

A

Primary transcript

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6
Q

The genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA as a series of non-overlapping, three-nucleotide words

A

Triplet code

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7
Q

The DNA strand providing the pattern for transcription by the RNA

A

Template strand

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8
Q

A three nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; basic unit of the genetic code

A

Codons

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9
Q

On the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

A

Reading frame

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10
Q

An enzyme that pulls the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide

A

RNA polymerase

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11
Q

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

A

Promoter

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12
Q

The sequence that signals the end of transcription is called

A

Terminator

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13
Q

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

A

Transcription unit

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14
Q

The nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins

A

Start point

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15
Q

A collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

A

Transcription factors

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16
Q

The complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter

A

Transcription initiation complex

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17
Q

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex

A

TATA box

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18
Q

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5’ and 3’ ends

A

RNA processing

19
Q

A modified form of a guanine (G) nucleotide added onto the 5’ end after transcription of the first 20-40 nucleotides

A

5’ cap

20
Q

A sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of a pre-RNA molecule

A

Poly-A tail

21
Q

The removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons)

A

RNA splicing

22
Q

The noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions

A

Introns

23
Q

A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; refers to the region of DNA form which this sequence was transcribed

A

Exons

24
Q

A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns

A

Alternative RNA splicing

25
Q

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

A

Ribozymes

26
Q

The message in a series of codons along an mRNA molecule, and the translator

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

27
Q

The particular nucleotide triplet that base-pairs to a specific mRNA codon

A

Anticodon

28
Q

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

29
Q

Flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5’ end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3’ end) of a codon

A

Wobble

30
Q

RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; most abundant type of RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

31
Q

Binding site that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

A

P site

32
Q

Binding site that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

A

A site

33
Q

Discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome from this site

A

E site

34
Q

A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell

A

Signal peptide

35
Q

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome helps direct the ribosome to the ER by binding to a receptor protein on the ER

A

Signal-recognition particle (SRP)

36
Q

Changes to the genetic information of a cell (virus)

A

Mutations

37
Q

Changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

A

Point mutations

38
Q

The replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

A

Nucleotide-pair substitution

39
Q

A mutation with no observable effect on the phenotype

A

Silent mutation

40
Q

Substitutions that change one amino acid to another one, little effect on the protein

A

Missense mutation

41
Q

When a codon is changed to a stop codon too early

A

Nonsense mutation

42
Q

Additions of nucleotides pairs in a gene

A

Insertions

43
Q

Losses of nucleotide pairs of a gene

A

Deletions

44
Q

When nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three

A

Frameshift mutation

45
Q

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation

A

Mutagens

46
Q

Enzyme that cuts out introns

A

Spliceosome

AP Biology (12 decks)

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