Chapter 14

Question 0

The synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA

Answer 0

Transcription

Question 1

The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

Answer 1

Gene expression

Question 2

An RNA molecule that carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell

Answer 2

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 3

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA

Answer 3

Translation

Question 4

The site of translation; complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

Answer 4

Ribosomes

Question 5

The initial RNA transcript from any gene

Answer 5

Primary transcript

Question 6

The genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA as a series of non-overlapping, three-nucleotide words

Answer 6

Triplet code

Question 7

The DNA strand providing the pattern for transcription by the RNA

Answer 7

Template strand

Question 8

A three nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; basic unit of the genetic code

Answer 8

Codons

Question 9

On the mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

Answer 9

Reading frame

Question 10

An enzyme that pulls the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide

Answer 10

RNA polymerase

Question 11

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

Answer 11

Promoter

Question 12

The sequence that signals the end of transcription is called

Answer 12

Terminator

Question 13

The stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

Answer 13

Transcription unit

Question 14

The nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins

Answer 14

Start point

Question 15

A collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

Answer 15

Transcription factors

Question 16

The complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter

Answer 16

Transcription initiation complex

Question 17

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex

Answer 17

TATA box

Question 18

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5’ and 3’ ends

Answer 18

RNA processing

Question 19

A modified form of a guanine (G) nucleotide added onto the 5’ end after transcription of the first 20-40 nucleotides

Answer 19

5’ cap

Question 20

A sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of a pre-RNA molecule

Answer 20

Poly-A tail

Question 21

The removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons)

Answer 21

RNA splicing

Question 22

The noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions

Answer 22

Introns

Question 23

A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; refers to the region of DNA form which this sequence was transcribed

Answer 23

Exons

Question 24

A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns

Answer 24

Alternative RNA splicing

Question 25

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

Answer 25

Ribozymes

Question 26

The message in a series of codons along an mRNA molecule, and the translator

Answer 26

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 27

The particular nucleotide triplet that base-pairs to a specific mRNA codon

Answer 27

Anticodon

Question 28

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA

Answer 28

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Question 29

Flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon

Answer 29

Wobble

Question 30

RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; most abundant type of RNA

Answer 30

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 31

Binding site that holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

Answer 31

P site

Question 32

Binding site that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

Answer 32

A site

Question 33

Discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome from this site

Answer 33

E site

Question 34

A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell

Answer 34

Signal peptide

Question 35

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome helps direct the ribosome to the ER by binding to a receptor protein on the ER

Answer 35

Signal-recognition particle (SRP)

Question 36

Changes to the genetic information of a cell (virus)

Answer 36

Mutations

Question 37

Changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

Answer 37

Point mutations

Question 38

The replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

Answer 38

Nucleotide-pair substitution

Question 39

A mutation with no observable effect on the phenotype

Answer 39

Silent mutation

Question 40

Substitutions that change one amino acid to another one, little effect on the protein

Answer 40

Missense mutation

Question 41

When a codon is changed to a stop codon too early

Answer 41

Nonsense mutation

Question 42

Additions of nucleotides pairs in a gene

Answer 42

Insertions

Question 43

Losses of nucleotide pairs of a gene

Answer 43

Deletions

Question 44

When nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three

Answer 44

Frameshift mutation

Question 45

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation

Answer 45

Mutagens

Question 46

Enzyme that cuts out introns

Answer 46

Spliceosome