Chapter 13

Question 0

A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA of a cell

Answer 0

Transformation

Question 1

The process by which DNA is copied

Answer 1

DNA Replication

Question 2

Viruses that infect bacteria

Answer 2

Phages (bacteriophages)

Question 3

An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective protein

Answer 3

Virus

Question 4

The structure of DNA with the presence of two strands

Answer 4

Double helix

Question 5

The arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

Answer 5

Antiparallel

Question 6

The type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parent molecule, and one newly made strand

Answer 6

Semiconservative model

Question 7

Site where the replication of DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

Answer 7

Origins of replication

Question 8

A Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound

Answer 8

Replication fork

Question 9

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands, making them available as template strands

Answer 9

Helicases

Question 10

A protein that connects to the unpaired DNA strands during replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA

Answer 10

Single-strand binding proteins

Question 11

A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands

Answer 11

Topoisomerase

Question 12

A short stretch of RNA with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base paring to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during replication

Answer 12

Primer

Question 13

An enzyme that rejoins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA as a template

Answer 13

Primase

Question 14

Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain

Answer 14

DNA polymerases

Question 15

The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5’—>3’ direction

Answer 15

Leading strand

Question 16

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’—>3’ direction away from the replication fork

Answer 16

Lagging strand

Question 17

A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication

Answer 17

Okazaki fragments

Question 18

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of one DNA fragment to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment

Answer 18

DNA ligase

Question 19

The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides

Answer 19

Mismatch repair

Question 20

A DNA-cutting enzyme

Answer 20

Nuclease

Question 21

A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide

Answer 21

Nucleotide excision repair

Question 22

An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells, thus restoring their original length and compensation for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication

Answer 22

Telomerase

Question 23

The dense region of DNA in a bacteria cell

Answer 23

Nucleoid

Question 24

A complex of DNA and protein that fits into the nucleus through an elaborate system of packing

Answer 24

Chromatin

Question 25

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

Answer 25

Heterochromatin

Question 26

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

Answer 26

Euchromatin

Question 27

The process of base pairing between gene and a complementary sequence of another nucleic acid molecule

Answer 27

Nucleic acid hybridization

Question 28

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Answer 28

Genetic engineering

Question 29

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

Answer 29

Plasmids

Question 30

A DNA molecule formed when segments of DNA from two different sources, often different species, are combined in vitro (test tube)

Answer 30

Recombinant DNA

Question 31

The production of multiple copies of genes

Answer 31

Gene cloning

Question 32

A type of enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium

Answer 32

Restriction enzymes

Question 33

A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme

Answer 33

Restriction site

Question 34

A DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme

Answer 34

Restriction fragments

Question 35

A technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer

Answer 35

Gel electrophoresis

Question 36

The single stranded end of a double stranded restriction fragment

Answer 36

Sticky end

Question 37

A DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. Includes plasmids

Answer 37

Cloning vector

Question 38

A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

Answer 38

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 39

Determining the order of nucleotide bases in a gene or DNA fragment

Answer 39

DNA sequencing