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AP Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA of a cell

A

Transformation

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1
Q

The process by which DNA is copied

A

DNA Replication

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2
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Phages (bacteriophages)

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3
Q

An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective protein

A

Virus

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4
Q

The structure of DNA with the presence of two strands

A

Double helix

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5
Q

The arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

A

Antiparallel

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6
Q

The type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parent molecule, and one newly made strand

A

Semiconservative model

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7
Q

Site where the replication of DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

A

Origins of replication

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8
Q

A Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound

A

Replication fork

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9
Q

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands, making them available as template strands

A

Helicases

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10
Q

A protein that connects to the unpaired DNA strands during replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA

A

Single-strand binding proteins

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11
Q

A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands

A

Topoisomerase

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12
Q

A short stretch of RNA with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base paring to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during replication

A

Primer

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13
Q

An enzyme that rejoins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA as a template

A

Primase

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14
Q

Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain

A

DNA polymerases

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15
Q

The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5’—>3’ direction

A

Leading strand

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16
Q

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’—>3’ direction away from the replication fork

A

Lagging strand

17
Q

A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication

A

Okazaki fragments

18
Q

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of one DNA fragment to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment

A

DNA ligase

19
Q

The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides

A

Mismatch repair

20
Q

A DNA-cutting enzyme

A

Nuclease

21
Q

A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide

A

Nucleotide excision repair

22
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells, thus restoring their original length and compensation for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication

A

Telomerase

23
Q

The dense region of DNA in a bacteria cell

A

Nucleoid

24
Q

A complex of DNA and protein that fits into the nucleus through an elaborate system of packing

A

Chromatin

25
Q

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

A

Heterochromatin

26
Q

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

A

Euchromatin

27
Q

The process of base pairing between gene and a complementary sequence of another nucleic acid molecule

A

Nucleic acid hybridization

28
Q

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

A

Genetic engineering

29
Q

Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmids

30
Q

A DNA molecule formed when segments of DNA from two different sources, often different species, are combined in vitro (test tube)

A

Recombinant DNA

31
Q

The production of multiple copies of genes

A

Gene cloning

32
Q

A type of enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium

A

Restriction enzymes

33
Q

A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme

A

Restriction site

34
Q

A DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme

A

Restriction fragments

35
Q

A technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer

A

Gel electrophoresis

36
Q

The single stranded end of a double stranded restriction fragment

A

Sticky end

37
Q

A DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. Includes plasmids

A

Cloning vector

38
Q

A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

39
Q

Determining the order of nucleotide bases in a gene or DNA fragment

A

DNA sequencing

AP Biology (12 decks)

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