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AP Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Each variant for a character

A

Trait

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1
Q

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

A

Character

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2
Q

Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination

A

True-breeding

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3
Q

The crossing of two opposite true-breeding varieties

A

Hybridization

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4
Q

True-breeding parent individuals

A

P generation

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5
Q

The hybrid offspring of the parents

A

F1 generation

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6
Q

The offspring of the F1 hybrids

A

F2 generation

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7
Q

An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

A

Dominant allele

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8
Q

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

A

Recessive allele

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9
Q

The two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

A

Law of segregation

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10
Q

A diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of all offspring resulting from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

A

Punnett square

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11
Q

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character

A

Homozygous

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12
Q

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene

A

Heterozygous

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13
Q

An organism’s appearance or observable traits

A

Phenotype

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14
Q

An organism’s genetic makeup

A

Genotype

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15
Q

Breeding an organism with an unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote to determine the genotype of the unknown organism

A

Testcross

16
Q

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. Parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a ________ of genotype Aa

A

Monohybrid

17
Q

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed

A

Monohybrid cross

18
Q

Organisms that are heterozygous for the two characters being followed in the cross (YyRr)

A

Dihybrids

19
Q

A cross between two organisms that are both heterozygous for both of the characters being followed

A

Dihybrid cross

20
Q

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation

A

Law of independent assortment

21
Q

A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by ________ their individual probabilities

A

Multiplication rule

22
Q

The probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities

A

Addition rule

23
Q

When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

A

Complete dominance

24
Q

When neither allele is dominant and the F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of the parental varieties

A

Incomplete dominance

25
Q

The two alleles of each organism affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

Codominance

26
Q

A genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth

A

Tay-Sachs disease

27
Q

The ability of a single gene to have multiple affects

A

Pleiotrophy

28
Q

When the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus

A

Epistasis

29
Q

A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion

A

Quantitative characters

30
Q

The additive affect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

A

Polygenic inheritance

31
Q

Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors

A

Multifactoral

32
Q

The traits of parents and children across generations

A

Pedigree

33
Q

Heterozygotes that transmit the recessive allele to their offspring

A

Carriers

34
Q

A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized as an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection

A

Cystic fibrosis

35
Q

A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the B-glob in gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals

A

Sickle-cell disease

36
Q

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system

A

Huntington’s disease

AP Biology (12 decks)

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