Chapter 9 Flashcards
Flashbulb memories
Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Memory
Persistence of learning overtime through the storage and retrieval of information
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Sensory memory
Immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the 7 digits of a phone number while dialing, before info is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
Relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, sand experiences
Working memory
Newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long term memory
Automatic processing
Unconsciously encoded, time, space, and frequency and of well learned information, such as word meanings
Effort full processing
Requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal, spacing effect, serial position effect
Rehearsal
Conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Spacing effect
Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Serial position effect
Tendency to recall the last and first items on a list
Visual encoding
Mental pictures, images
Acoustic encoding
Listening, saying something out loud
Semantic encoding
Give meaning to the information
Self reference effect
Finding personal meaning
Imagery
Mental picture
Rosy retrospect
People recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time they occurred
Mnemonic devices
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Method of Loci
Imagine themselves moving through a familiar series of locations, associating each place with a visual representation of the to be remembered picture
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often occurs automatically
Hierarchies
Broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
