Chapter 7 Flashcards
Biological rhythms
Periodic physiological fluctuations
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Circadian Rhythm
Biological clock, regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle
Non rem sleep
Period of sleep characterized by decreased metabolic activity, slowed breathing and heart rate, and absence of dreams
Rem sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, cause muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active.
Alpha waves
Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Sleep
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Delta waves
Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inappropriate times
Sleep apnea
Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Night terrors
Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. Unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
Dream
Sequence if images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, acceptance of the context and later difficulties remembering it.
Manifest Content
According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden content)
Freud’s Wish Fulfillment
Dreams allow us to express otherwise unacceptable feelings
Latent content
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dreams latent content functions as a safety valve.
Information Processing
Help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories
Physiological function
Regular brain stimulation from rem sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
Activation synthesis
How rem sleep triggers neural activity our brain weaves into stories
Cognitive development
Dream content reflects dreamers cognitive development-their knowledge and understanding
Rem rebound
Tendency for rem sleep to increase following rem sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during rem sleep)
Hypnosis
Social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Anton Mesmer
Credit for modern hypnotic popularity. Discovered an animal magnetism
Post hypnotic suggestion
Suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. Used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Dissociation (divided consciousness theory)
Split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Age regression
Supposed ability to retrieve childhood experiences
Social influence theory
Theory that powerful social influences can produce a state of hypnosis
Ernest Hilgard
Believed hypnosis involved a social influence and a state of dissociated consciousness
Theodore Barber
Believed in social influence phenomenon. Hypnotists ideas became the subjects thoughts
Psychoactive drug
Chemical substance that alters perception and mood
Tolerance
Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect
Withdrawal
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use if an addictive drug
Physical dependence
Physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Psychological dependence
Psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Addiction
Compulsive drug craving and use
Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Opiates
Opium and it’s derivatives, such as morphine and heroin. They depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Stimulants
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Amphetamines
Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Methamphetamines
Powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. Over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
