Chapter 1

Question 0

Overconfidence

Answer 0

Overestimate our intuition

Question 1

Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it. I knew it all along phenomenon

Question 2

Critical thinking

Answer 2

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asses conclusions. Smart thinking, asking questions

Question 3

Scientific method

Answer 3

Form of drawing conclusions including making observations, form theories, and refine theories in the light of new observations

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

Explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations. Simplifies things. Useful summary.

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

Testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 6

Operational definitions

Answer 6

Statement of the procedures used to define research variables

Question 7

Replicate

Answer 7

Repeating the essence of a research study usually with new situations

Question 8

Case study

Answer 8

Observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Question 9

Survey

Answer 9

Technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them, looks at many cases in less depth

Question 10

False consensus effect

Answer 10

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Question 11

Population

Answer 11

The whole group from which samples may be drawn for a study

Question 12

Random sample

Answer 12

Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 13

Naturalistic observations

Answer 13

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Question 14

Correlate

Answer 14

Measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Question 15

Scatter plots

Answer 15

Graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables. Slope-direction of relationship amount of scatter-strength

Question 16

Illusory correlation

Answer 16

Perception of a relationship where none exists

Question 17

Experiment

Answer 17

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors

Question 18

Double blind procedure

Answer 18

Both participants and researcher staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

Question 19

Placebo effect

Answer 19

Experimental results caused by expectations alone. Any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition. Which is assumed to be an active agent

Question 20

Experimental condition

Answer 20

Condition of am experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the IV

Question 21

Control condition

Answer 21

Condition that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Question 22

Wording affects

Answer 22

How you word things

Question 23

Correlation coefficient

Answer 23

Tell direction and strength of variables

Question 24

Random assignment

Answer 24

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

Question 25

Independent variable

Answer 25

Factor that is manipulated, effect is being studied

Question 26

Dependent variable

Answer 26

Outcome factor, May change in response to IV

Question 27

Mode

Answer 27

Most frequently occurring score

Question 28

Mean

Answer 28

Average

Question 29

Median

Answer 29

Middle score

Question 30

Range

Answer 30

Difference of highest and lowest scores

Question 31

Standard deviation

Answer 31

Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean

Question 32

Statistical significance

Answer 32

Statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Question 33

Culture

Answer 33

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next