Chapter 9 Flashcards
Shaping
reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior
involves the principles of reinforcement and extinction
shaping is reinforcement of _______ ________ of a target behavior
successive approximations
Shaping involves which two principles
reinforcement and extinction
When is shaping used
- trying to teach new behaviors
- developing new dimensions of a behavior
- reinstating old behaviors that are not occurring anymore
- when instructions, modeling, and prompting are not applicable or effective
How was the Jackson and Wallace case using shaping
increased voice volume in a 15 year old girl with mild mental retardation
- When she spoke you could barely hear her. Target behavior was speaking with a normal voice volume. Used a decibal meter to measure loudness of speech. Gave tokens to girl as reinforcement for reaching successive approximations until she reached goal of target behavior
How was the Howie and Woods case using shaping
increased the frequency of spoken words in adults experiencing stuttering
- slowed down their rate of speech until they spoke with no stuttering, then increased the rate of speech back to a normal level. Used increases of five syllables spoken per minute.
How was the Wolf et al. (1964) case using shaping
Got a preschooler to wear his glasses
- little boy refused to wear his glasses. So wolf used shaping to get him to wear them. Used food as a reinforcer for successive approximations.
What are the steps for shaping
- define target behavior
- determine if shaping is appropriate
- identify the starting behavior/first approximation
- choose the shaping steps
- choose the reinforcer
- reinforce each successive approximation
- move at the proper pace
What is step 2 in when to use shaping and what should you keep in mind
determine if shaping is appropriate; maybe the use of instructions, modeling, or prompting could be used to get desired behavior instead
What is step three of shaping and what should you keep in mind
identify the starting behavior; the person must already exhibit the behavior and choose a behavior you can build on to achieve the target behavior
what is step 4 in shaping and what should you keep in mind
choose shaping steps; each step is a closer approximation to the target behavior and steps are not too big
what is step 5 of shaping and what should you keep in mind
choose the reinforcer; it must function as a reinforcer for the individual and consider satiation during shaping
what is step 6 of shaping and what should you keep in mind
reinforce each successive approximation; reinforce first approximation until the behavior occurs a number of times, reinforce next approximation and extinguish previous approximation, continue until reaching target behavior
what is step 7 of shaping and what should you keep in mind
Move at the proper pace, once the person masters an approximation move onto the next step
