Chapter 6 Flashcards
Punishment
- behavior occurs
- consequence follows immediately after
- the behavior is less likely to occur in the future
Positive punishment
the addition of an aversive stimulus, making behavior less likely to occur
Negative punishment
the removal of a reinforcer, making the behavior less likely to occur
Punisher
an aversive stimulus; decreases probability of behavior in the future
types of negative punishment
time out: removing a person from a reinforcing situation for a brief period of time after behavior occurs
Response cost: a specified amount of reinforcer is removed
Unconditioned punishers
Punishers that require no conditioning to be effective, such as painful stimuli, extreme lvls of stimulation, removal of unconditioned reinforcers (warmth, food)
Conditioned punishers
a previous neutral stimulus is paired with an established punisher so it becomes a punisher itself.
the word no is neutral on its own but once it is paired with something like a disapproval look it is now a punisher
Extinction vs negative punishment
In extinction, you withhold reinforcing the behavior, meaning you stop providing the reward or reinforcement the behavior was previously getting.
In negative punishment, you remove something that the person finds reinforcing (e.g., the phone, a toy, etc.) to decrease the behavior, even if that item wasn’t the original cause of the behavior.
Potential problems with punishment
- ethical issues
- punishment and modeling
- negative reinforcement for the use of punishment
- emotional reactions to punishment
A child sticks their finger in an electrical socket and gets shocked. As a result, the child never sticks their finger in a socket again. This is an example of ______ punishment and why
positive punishment because an aversive stimulus was added and decreased the behavior
A(n) _______ ______ is an event or condition that makes a consequence more effective as a punisher.
establishing operation
When a stimulus is paired with a punisher, it becomes a(n) ________ _____.
conditioned punisher
Painful stimuli or extreme levels of stimulation are _______ _________.
unconditioned punishers
People who experience or observe punishment are _____ likely to use punishment themselves and why
more because of observation modeling
The use of punishment is __________reinforcing to the person implementing it.
positively
