chapter 9 Flashcards
aerobic respiration
consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP
alchohol fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol
ATP synthase
protein complex embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that produces ATP
beta oxidation
the process of digesting fats to glycerol
cellular respiration
both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
chemiosmosis
the use of energy in a protein gradient to drive cellular work
citric acid cycle
breaks down acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide
cytochromes
carrier protein molecules with heme groups containing an iron atom
electron transport chain
a series of molecules built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria (or plasma membrane of prokaryotes)
facultative anaerobes/aerobes
can use either fermentation or cellular respiration
fermentation
partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen
glycolysis
breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is reduced to form lactate
NAD+
a coenzyme that functions as an electron acceptor
obligate aerobes
require oxygen- cellular respiration
oligate anaerobes
poisoned by oxygen- use fermentation
oxidation
the loss of electrons from a substance
oxidative phosphorylation
the electron transfer chai AND chemiosmosis combined facilitates the synthesis of most of the cells ATP
oxidizing agent
the electron acceptor
proton- motive force
the proton gradient
pyruvate oxidation
the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
redox reactions
chemical reaction that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation reduction reactions
reducing agent
the electron donor
reduction
the addition of electrons to a substance
