chapter 5

Question 1

amino acids

Answer 1

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

Question 2

antiparallel

Answer 2

when two strands of DNA run in opposite directions

Question 3

bioinformatics

Answer 3

using computer software to find patterns in data

Question 4

carbohydrates

Answer 4

macromolecules made of sugars

Question 5

cellulose

Answer 5

component of cell walls in plants consisting of glucose molecules attached by a beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Question 6

chitin

Answer 6

a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

Question 7

cholesterol

Answer 7

a steroid, a component in animal cell membranes, the precursor which other steroids are synthesized

Question 8

dehydration reaction

Answer 8

when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

Question 9

denaturation

Answer 9

the loss of a proteins native structure

Question 10

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 10

made with deoxyribose

Question 11

deoxyribose

Answer 11

the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

Question 12

disaccharide

Answer 12

two monosaccharides

Question 13

disulfide bridges

Answer 13

two sulfurs interaction

Question 14

double helix

Answer 14

two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis forming DNA

Question 15

enzymes

Answer 15

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)

Question 16

catalysts

Answer 16

a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 17

fats

Answer 17

glycerol + fatty acids

Question 18

fatty acid

Answer 18

a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

Question 19

gene

Answer 19

unit of inheritance consisting of DNA

Question 20

gene expression

Answer 20

the study of whole genomes of different species

Question 21

glycogen

Answer 21

storage polysaccharide in animals consisting of glucose molecules, with an alpha 1-4 glycoside linkage

Question 22

glycosidic linkage

Answer 22

the covalent bond between two monosaccharides

Question 23

hydrolysis

Answer 23

a reaction that uses water to disassemble monomers

Question 24

hydrophobic interactions

Answer 24

interaction of hydrophobic compounds

Question 25

lipids

Answer 25

hydrophobic molecules such as fats, phospholipids, steroids, etc

Question 26

macromolecules

Answer 26

large polymers

Question 27

monomers

Answer 27

repeating units that serve as building blocks

Question 28

monosaccharides

Answer 28

molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O (mono means 1, so a single sugar component)

Question 29

nucleic acid

Answer 29

AGCT, DNA called nucleotides

Question 30

peptide bonds

Answer 30

the link between amino acids in a polypeptide

Question 31

phospholipid

Answer 31

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

Question 32

polymer

Answer 32

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Question 33

polynucleotide

Answer 33

multiple nucleotides

Question 34

polypeptides

Answer 34

are unbranched polymers built from amino acids

Question 35

polysaccharides

Answer 35

polymers of sugar

Question 36

primary structure

Answer 36

sequence of amino acids

Question 37

protein

Answer 37

biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides

Question 38

protomics

Answer 38

the study of large sets of proteins including their sequence

Question 39

purines

Answer 39

(adenine and guanine) have six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

Question 40

pyrimidines

Answer 40

(cytosine, thymine, and iracil) have a single six-membered ring

Question 41

quaternary structure

Answer 41

when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

Question 42

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 42

made with ribose

Question 43

ribose

Answer 43

the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

Question 44

saturated fatty acids

Answer 44

maximum number of hydrogens (NO DOUBLE BONDS)

Question 45

secondary structure

Answer 45

the structure that results from hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide backbone. can form either a coil called a helix and a folded structure called a β pleated sheet

Question 46

starch

Answer 46

a storage polysaccharide of plants consisting of glucose molecules, with an alpha 1-4 glycoside linkage

Question 47

steroids

Answer 47

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton of four fused rings

Question 48

tertiary structure

Answer 48

the overall shape of a single polypeptide strand, resulting from interactions of the R groups (ex. the functional groups attached to the amino acids)

Question 49

trans fats

Answer 49

when the double bond does NOT alter the overall structure (no changes in the tail)

Question 50

triacylglycerol (triglyceride)

Answer 50

in fat, three fatty acids joined to glycerol by an ester linkage

Question 51

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 51

have one or more double bonds

Question 52

x-ray crystallography

Answer 52

a method for determining protein secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure involving an x-ray beam