chapter 6

Question 1

basal body

Answer 1

anchors the cilium or flagellum

Question 2

cell fractionation

Answer 2

takes cells apart and seperates the major organelles from one another

Question 3

cell wall

Answer 3

an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

Question 4

central vacuoles

Answer 4

found in many mature plant cells, contain a solution called sap

Question 5

centrosome

Answer 5

a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organzing center and is important during cell division. a centrosome has two centrioles

Question 6

centriole

Answer 6

animal cell composed of cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a “9 plus 0” pattern

Question 7

chloroplasts

Answer 7

found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis

Question 8

chromatin

Answer 8

one DNA molecule associated with proteins

Question 9

chromosome

Answer 9

densely packed DNA

Question 10

contractile vacuoles

Answer 10

found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

Question 11

cortex

Answer 11

just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape

Question 12

cristae

Answer 12

inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 13

cytoplasm

Answer 13

semifluid substance bound by the plasma membrane in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

Question 14

cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 14

in plant cells, is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, driven by actin-protein interactions

Question 15

cytosol

Answer 15

semifluid substance

Question 16

dynein

Answer 16

drives the bending movements of cilium or flagellum

Question 17

endomembrane system

Answer 17

consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

Question 18

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions

Question 19

endosymbiont theory

Answer 19

mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell. the engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism

Question 20

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Answer 20

the meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells

Question 21

flagella and cilia

Answer 21

microtubule-consisting extensions that project from some cells

Question 22

food vacuoles

Answer 22

formed by phagocytosis

Question 23

glycoproteins

Answer 23

a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

Question 24

golgi apparatus

Answer 24

an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non cellulose carbohydrates

Question 25

intermediate filaments

Answer 25

range in diameter from 8-12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules

Question 26

light microscope (LM)

Answer 26

visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses

Question 27

lysosome

Answer 27

a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

Question 28

microfilaments

Answer 28

solid rods about 7nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits

Question 29

microtubules

Answer 29

hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 35 microns long

Question 30

mitochondria

Answer 30

the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

Question 31

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 31

the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA

Question 32

motor proteins

Answer 32

produce cell mobility

Question 33

myosin a

Answer 33

motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction

Question 34

nuclear envelope

Answer 34

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

Question 35

nuclear lamina

Answer 35

composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus, envelopes the nuclear side

Question 36

nucleolus

Answer 36

located within the nucleus, is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Question 37

nucleus

Answer 37

contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

Question 38

peroxisomes

Answer 38

specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

Question 39

phagocytosis

Answer 39

engulf another cell

Question 40

plasma membrane

Answer 40

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

Question 41

plasmodedmata

Answer 41

channels that connect plant cells

Question 42

plastids

Answer 42

one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes

Question 43

pseudopodia

Answer 43

cellular extensions

Question 44

ribosomes

Answer 44

complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protien

Question 45

scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

Answer 45

type of electron microscope that focuses a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3D

Question 46

stroma

Answer 46

internal fluid of chloroplasts

Question 47

thylakoids

Answer 47

membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum in chloroplasts

Question 48

transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

Answer 48

focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen

Question 49

transport vesicles

Answer 49

secretory proteins surrounded by membranes

Question 50

vacuoles

Answer 50

large vesicles derived from the ER and golgi apparatus