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Linux Foundations > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Each blank is a single file that can be stored on a disk or transmitted over the internet.

A

package

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2
Q

Linux package files, unlike Windows installers, are not blank; packages rely on other programs to do the work of installing the software.

A

programs

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3
Q

Packages contain blank - that it, they can tell the packaging software what other packages or individual files must be installed in order for the package to work correctly

A

dependency information

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4
Q

Packages contain blank so the packaging software can tell which of the two packages is more recent

A

version information

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5
Q

Packages contain blank to identify the CPU type for which they are intended

A

architecture information

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6
Q

Blank are typically built from source packages

A

Binary packages

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7
Q

The package software maintains a database of information about installed packages called blank. The information includes the names and versions as well as the locations.

A

package database

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8
Q

The two most common package systems in Linux are blank and blank

A

RPM and Debian

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9
Q

Originally, package systems worked blank - that is, to install a package on your computer you would first have to download a package file from the internet or in some other way

A

locally

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10
Q

Modern Linux distributions provide blank to help automate the process of package installation

A

network-enabled tools

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11
Q

Network-enabled tools rely on network blank, from which the tools can download packages automatically

A

software repositories

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12
Q

Name the 5 tasks that are typical for software installation

A

1) Issue a command to install a program
2) The software locates dependencies of the specified program and notifies you of any additional software that must be installed
3) You issue a final approval for software installation
4) The software downloads all necessary packages
5) The software installs all the packages

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13
Q

RPM-based distributions include blank, blank, blank, blank, blank, and blank

A

RedHat, Fedora, CentOS, SUSE Enterprise, openSUSE, and Mandriva

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14
Q

The basic tool for installing software on RPM-based distributions is the blank command

A

rpm

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15
Q

The rpm command works locally, so if you want to use a network repository use blank or blank for RedHat, Fedora, or CentOS

A

yum or dnf

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16
Q

The rpm command works locally, so if you want to use a network repository use a blank command or a blank such as YaST 2 for SUSE Enterprise or openSUSE

A

zypper or GUI front end

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17
Q

The blank command is the lowest-level interface for Debian package systems

A

dpkg

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18
Q

Several tools provide text-mode and graphical interface atop dpkg, the most important being the text mode blank or the newer blank or the GUI blank

A

apt-get or apt or Synaptic

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19
Q

Debian package files end in what extension

A

.deb

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20
Q

Typically you should blank the software before updating it

A

remove

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21
Q

The blank is the core of the Linux installation. It manages memory, provides software with a way to access the hard disk, doles out CPU time and performs other low-level critical tasks

A

Linux kernel

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22
Q

One way the kernel provides order on running software is to create a sort of blank with the running programs. When it boots, the kernel runs one program either lib/systemd or /sbin/init, which are responsible for starting all other basic programs the Linux run, making them the children of the initial parent program.

A

hierarchy

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23
Q

The result of the hierarchy system is a blank hierarchy of processes

A

tree-like

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24
Q

Every process has a blank number associated with it.

A

process ID (PID)

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25
Q

Before you manage processes, you must be able to identify them. The blank and blank utilities help you identify processes.

A

ps and top

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26
Q

The simplest tool for identifying processes is blank, which produces a process listing.

A

ps

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27
Q

With the ps command, the blank option indicates username and the blank option creates a display that shows parent/child relationship

A

-u
–forest

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28
Q

One popular combination of options for the ps command is blank, which produces the information most system admins want, including PID values and command names for all the processes on the computer

A

ax

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29
Q

You can pipe through the blank command to help narrow down the scope of information including in the ps command

A

grep

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30
Q

If you want to quickly locate CPU- or memory hogging processes, or if you want to study how resource use varies over time, the tool appropriate for this is blank

A

top

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31
Q

By default, top sorts its entries by blank, and it updates its display every few seconds

A

CPU use

32
Q

Name the top common command that displays help information

A

h or ?

33
Q

Name the top common command that kills a process. The top program will ask for a PID number, and if it is able to kill the program, it will do so.

A

k

34
Q

Name the top common command that quit from top

A

q

35
Q

Name the top common command that changes a process’s priority

A

r

36
Q

Name the top common command that changes the display update rate, which you enter in seconds

A

s

37
Q

Name the top common command that sets the display to sort by CPU usage, which is the default

A

P

38
Q

Name the top common command that changes the display to sort by memory usage

A

M

39
Q

One piece of information provided by top is blank, which is a measure of the demand for CPU time by applications

A

load average

40
Q

What would be the load average for a system on which no programs are demanding CPU time

A

0

41
Q

What would be the load average for a system with one program running a CPU-intensive task

A

1

42
Q

Blank load averages on a single-CPU system reflect programs competing for available CPU time

A

Higher

43
Q

On a computer with multiple-CPUs, load averages can reach blank before completion of CPU time begins

A

number of CPUs or cores

44
Q

Somtimes a program consumes too much memory, either because of inefficient coding or a blank, a type of program bug in which the program request memory and never return it

A

memory leak

45
Q

If you want to study the computer’s overall memory use, the blank command is useful. It generates a report on the computer’s total memory status.

A

free

46
Q

The blank line in the free program reveals total random access memory (RAM) statistics, including the total memory in the computer, the amount of memory used, and the amount of free memory.

A

Mem:

47
Q

The blank line in the free program reveals how much blank Linux is using, which is disk space set aside as an adjunct for memory

A

Swap:
swap space

48
Q

What option with the free command causes the display to use units of mebibytes (MiB) rather than the default of kibibytes (KiB)

A

-m

49
Q

Many programs that run in the background (daemons) write information about their normal operations to blank, which are files that record such notes.

A

log files

50
Q

Consulting log files can therefore be an important part of blank with daemons

A

diagnosing problems

51
Q

Linux stores most log files in the blank directory tree.

A

/var/log

52
Q

Name the log file - services that are started late in the boot process via SysV startup scripts

A

boot.log

53
Q

Name the log file - processes run at regular intervals via the cron daemon

A

cron

54
Q

Name the log file - directory holding log files related to the Linux print system

A

cups/

55
Q

Name the log file - directory holding the log files related to the GNOME Display Manager (GDM), which handles GUI logins on many systems

A

gdm/

56
Q

Name the log file - a general purpose log file that contains messages from many daemons that lack their own dedicated log files

A

messages or syslog

57
Q

Name the log file - security-related messages, including notices of when users employ su, sudo, and similar tools that require root privilege

A

secure

58
Q

Name the log file - information on the most recent startup of the X Window System(X)

A

Xorg.0.log

59
Q

Log files are frequently blank, meaning the oldest file is deleted, the latest file is renamed and saved with a date or number, and the new log file is created

A

rotated

60
Q

Most log files are blank, so you can check them using any tool that can examine this type of file

A

plain-text files

61
Q

What command displays the last ten lines of a file, or you can specify how many lines with the -n option?

A

tail

62
Q

Typically, only blank log messages, not all programs

A

daemons

63
Q

Some programs create their own log file; however, most rely on a utility generally known as the blank

A

system log daemon

64
Q

System log daemon’s process name is generally blank, blank, or blank.

A

journald, syslog, syslogd

65
Q

You can modify the behavior of the log daemon by adjusting its blank, typically named blank

A

configuration file
/etc/rsyslog.config

66
Q

After it’s running, a log daemon accepts messages from other processes using a technique called blank. It then sorts through the messages and directs them to a suitable log file depending on the message’s source and priority code

A

system messaging

67
Q

To examine the kernel ring buffer, use the blank command, which creates copious output, but you can pipe through with the less command.

A

dmesg

68
Q

Which of the following tools is best suited to installing a software package and all its dependencies on a Debian computer?

A. yum
B. zypper
C. dmesg
D. rpm
E. apt-get

A

E

69
Q

What are the two most popular utilities used as the first process that the Linux kernel runs, aside from itself?

A. init
B. bash
C. systemd
D. login
E. grub

A

A, C

70
Q

Where do most log files reside on a Linux computer?

A

/var/log

71
Q

True or False: When using suitable commands, you can normally install a program and be sure that all the software on which it depends will also be installed, provided you have an internet connection

A

True

72
Q

True or False: Buy default, the first process listed in top is currently using the most CPU time

A

True

73
Q

True or False: The dmesg command may produce different output after a computer has been running for weeks than when it first started

A

True

74
Q

Most Linux distributions maintain information on what packages are installed in the blank

A

package database

75
Q

You’re using Bash, and you type emacs to launch the emacs editor. In this case, emacs is the Bash editor’s blank process?

A

child

76
Q

General system messages are likely to be found in /var/log/messages or /var/log/blank, depending on your distribution

A

secure

77
Q

The command you use to read messages generated during the boot process and stored in the kernel ring buffer is the blank command

A

dmesg

Linux Foundations (10 decks)

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