Chapter 1 Flashcards
An blank provides all the fundamental features of a computer, at least from a software point of view.
OS
An blank is a software component responsible for managing various low-level features of the computer
OS kernel
Kernels are not blank, the Linux kernel is different than the macOS kernel.
interchangeable
Linux uses a kernel called blank
Linux
A student named blank created Linux kernel in 1991
Linus Torvalds
Years ago users interacted with computers exclusively by typing commands in a program known as what
shells
In Linux a shell known as blank is popular
the Bourne Again shell (bash)
A blank is an improvement on a text mode shell at least from the perspective of a novice user
graphical user interface (gui)
Linux relies on a GUI known as blank
X window system (or X for short)
X is a very basic gui, so Linux also uses blank like GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) or the K Desktop Environment (KDE) to provide a more complete user experience
desktop environment program suites
Modern OSs invariably ship with a wide range of blank -calculators, calendars, text editors, etc.
utility programs
Blank are collections of programming functions that can be used by a variety of programs
Libraries
In Linux, most programs rely on a library called what?
libc
Major blank, like web browsers, word processors, graphical editors, etc, are the usual reason for using a computer are techinicaly separate from the kernel, but closely associated with it.
Productivity programs
In the past, sometimes even today, Linux computers booted in blank.
text mode
Key strokes to obtain a text mode prompt from a GUI
Ctrl-Alt-F2 or Ctrl-Alt-F3
Key strokes to return to GUI from text mode
Ctrl-Alt-F1 or Ctrl-Alt-F7
Type of prompt symbol for ordinary users
$
Type of prompt symbol for root user
#
You can type blank to see a list of files in the current directory
ls (short for list)
Command to copy files
cp
command to delete files
rm
Even if you use a graphical login, you can use a text-mode shell inside a window known as blank
terminal
Most users are more comfortable with blank than with text-mode commands
GUIs
Unlike Windows or Mac, Linux offers a variety of blank for you to choose from, ranging from GNOME, KDE plasma, Cinnamon, and Xfce
desktop environments
All Linux desktop environments provide what features (5)
Program Launchers
File Managers
Window Controls
Multiple Desktops
Logout Options
Blank was created in 1969 at At&T’s Bell Labs
Unix
Modern Linux systems are, by and large, the product of open source projects that clone blank, or the blank
Unix programs, or the original open source code projects for Unix
The Linux kernel was designed to be compatible with other Unix kernels in the sense that they used the same blank
software interfaces in source code
The blank project is an effort by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) to develop open source replacements for all the core elements of a Unix OS
GNU’s Not Unix (GNU)
Most Linux systems use the blank variety of the X window system, which is the GUI environment for most UNIX systems
Xorg-X11
Historically, both Unix and Linux have been popular as blank - organizations use them to run web servers, database servers, email servers, and so on
database servers
Linux runs the same blank as do other Unix-like OSs
User Productivity programs
On the whole, Linux can be thought of as a member of the family of blank
Unix-like OSs
Blank is a commercial UNix-based OS that borrows heavily from BSDs and discards the usual Unix GUI(X) in favor of its own interface
Apple macOS
MacOS differs from Linux in its blank
user interface
MacOS can run most of the same blank as Linux
terminal commands
Native blank rarely make the transition to Linux
macOS applications
Linux is a blank whereas Windows is a blank
open source OS
proprietary commercial OS
What makes up a Linux-based OS (5)
A Linux kernel
Core Unix tools
Supplemental software
Startup Scripts
An installer
Name 11 of the major Linux distributions
Arch
Centos
Debian
Fedora
Gentoo
Mint
openSUSE
Red Hat Enterprise
Slackware
SUSE Enterprise
Ubuntu
Name the two major Linux distributions that are commercial
Red Hat Enterprise
SUSE Enterprise
Name the two open source cousins of Red Hat Enterprise
CentOS
Fedora
Name the free alternative for SUSE Enterprise
openSUSE
Most Linux distributions distribute software in blank, which are collections of many files in one
packages
Name two of the most common packages
RPM Package Manager
Debian
What distribution uses tarballs for its packages
Slackware
Most Linux distributions are available for what two platforms
x86 and x86-64
After its release, a distribution is typically supported until when?
sometime after the next version’s release
Blank is extremely new software and very likely to contain serious bugs
Alpha Software
Blank software is more stable but more likely to contain bugs than its final release software
Beta software
Blank describes running a small stripped-down Linux system on a small computer
Embedded systems
Many cell phones today use a Linux-based OS known as blank
Android
The term cloud computing is related to blank
distributed computing
In distributed computing, blank are shared among two or more servers to accomplish a single task
resources
In the blank cloud computing environment, a third party provides all of the computing resources outside of the organization
public
In the blank computing environment, each individual organization builds it own cloud computing resources to provide resources internally
private
In blank computing environment, cloud computing resources are provided internally within an organization but also connected to an external public cloud to help supplement resources when needed.
hybrid
In the blank model, the cloud computing vendor provides low level server resources to host applications for organizations
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
In the blank model, the cloud computing vendor provides both the physical server as well as the operating system environment to the customer
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
In the blank model, the cloud computing vendor provides a complete application environment
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Which of the following is a function of the Linux kernel (select all that apply):
A. Allocating memory for use by programs
B. Allocating CPU time for use by programs
C. Creating menus in GUI programs
D. Controlling access to hard disks
E. Enabling programs to use the network
A, B, D, E
Which of the following is an example of an embedded OS?
A. Android
B. CentOS
C. Fedora
D. Mint
E. Red Hat
A
Which of the following is a notable difference between MacOS and Linux?
A. Linux can run common GNU programs, whereas MacOS cannot
B. Linux’s GUI is based on the X window system, whereas MacOs is not.
C.Linux cannot run on Apple Macintosh hardware, whereas macOS can run only on Apple hardware
D. Linux relies heavily on BSD software, whereas maCOS does not
E. Linux supports text-mode commands, whereas macOS does not
B
Where did the Linux kernel come from?
A. It was derived from Microsoft Windows
B, It was derived from Apple MacOS
C. It was derived from AT&T unix
D. It was derived from BSD unix
E.It was created by Linus Torvalds
E
True or False - If you log into a Linux system in graphical mode, you cannot use text mode commands in that session
False
True or False: CentOS is a Linux distribution with a long release cycle
True
A Linux text mode prompt reads:
A. login:
B. welcome:
C. Enter:
D. userid:
E. Enter your userid:
A
A common security problem with Windows that’s essentially nonexistent on Linux is
A. Commercial software
B. Network firewalls
C. Network routers
D. Viruses
E. Software Management packages
D
Pre-release software that’s likely to contain bugs is called blank and blank
Alpha and Beta
Linux distributions that have no version number but instead release upgrades in an ongoing manner have a(an) blank release
rolling
