Chapter 1 Flashcards by Joshua Lane

An blank provides all the fundamental features of a computer, at least from a software point of view.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An blank is a software component responsible for managing various low-level features of the computer

OS kernel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kernels are not blank, the Linux kernel is different than the macOS kernel.

interchangeable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Linux uses a kernel called blank

Linux

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A student named blank created Linux kernel in 1991

Linus Torvalds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Years ago users interacted with computers exclusively by typing commands in a program known as what

shells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Linux a shell known as blank is popular

the Bourne Again shell (bash)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A blank is an improvement on a text mode shell at least from the perspective of a novice user

graphical user interface (gui)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Linux relies on a GUI known as blank

X window system (or X for short)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

X is a very basic gui, so Linux also uses blank like GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) or the K Desktop Environment (KDE) to provide a more complete user experience

desktop environment program suites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Modern OSs invariably ship with a wide range of blank -calculators, calendars, text editors, etc.

utility programs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blank are collections of programming functions that can be used by a variety of programs

Libraries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Linux, most programs rely on a library called what?

libc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Major blank, like web browsers, word processors, graphical editors, etc, are the usual reason for using a computer are techinicaly separate from the kernel, but closely associated with it.

Productivity programs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the past, sometimes even today, Linux computers booted in blank.

text mode

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Key strokes to obtain a text mode prompt from a GUI

Ctrl-Alt-F2 or Ctrl-Alt-F3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Key strokes to return to GUI from text mode

Ctrl-Alt-F1 or Ctrl-Alt-F7

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type of prompt symbol for ordinary users

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type of prompt symbol for root user

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

You can type blank to see a list of files in the current directory

ls (short for list)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Command to copy files

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

command to delete files

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Even if you use a graphical login, you can use a text-mode shell inside a window known as blank

terminal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most users are more comfortable with blank than with text-mode commands

GUIs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Unlike Windows or Mac, Linux offers a variety of blank for you to choose from, ranging from GNOME, KDE plasma, Cinnamon, and Xfce

desktop environments

All Linux desktop environments provide what features (5)

Program Launchers File Managers Window Controls Multiple Desktops Logout Options

Blank was created in 1969 at At&T's Bell Labs

Unix

Modern Linux systems are, by and large, the product of open source projects that clone blank, or the blank

Unix programs, or the original open source code projects for Unix

The Linux kernel was designed to be compatible with other Unix kernels in the sense that they used the same blank

software interfaces in source code

The blank project is an effort by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) to develop open source replacements for all the core elements of a Unix OS

GNU's Not Unix (GNU)

Most Linux systems use the blank variety of the X window system, which is the GUI environment for most UNIX systems

Xorg-X11

Historically, both Unix and Linux have been popular as blank - organizations use them to run web servers, database servers, email servers, and so on

database servers

Linux runs the same blank as do other Unix-like OSs

User Productivity programs

On the whole, Linux can be thought of as a member of the family of blank

Unix-like OSs

Blank is a commercial UNix-based OS that borrows heavily from BSDs and discards the usual Unix GUI(X) in favor of its own interface

Apple macOS

MacOS differs from Linux in its blank

user interface

MacOS can run most of the same blank as Linux

terminal commands

Native blank rarely make the transition to Linux

macOS applications

Linux is a blank whereas Windows is a blank

open source OS proprietary commercial OS

What makes up a Linux-based OS (5)

A Linux kernel Core Unix tools Supplemental software Startup Scripts An installer

Name 11 of the major Linux distributions

Arch Centos Debian Fedora Gentoo Mint openSUSE Red Hat Enterprise Slackware SUSE Enterprise Ubuntu

Name the two major Linux distributions that are commercial

Red Hat Enterprise SUSE Enterprise

Name the two open source cousins of Red Hat Enterprise

CentOS Fedora

Name the free alternative for SUSE Enterprise

openSUSE

Most Linux distributions distribute software in blank, which are collections of many files in one

packages

Name two of the most common packages

RPM Package Manager Debian

What distribution uses tarballs for its packages

Slackware

Most Linux distributions are available for what two platforms

x86 and x86-64

After its release, a distribution is typically supported until when?

sometime after the next version's release

Blank is extremely new software and very likely to contain serious bugs

Alpha Software

Blank software is more stable but more likely to contain bugs than its final release software

Beta software

Blank describes running a small stripped-down Linux system on a small computer

Embedded systems

Many cell phones today use a Linux-based OS known as blank

Android

The term cloud computing is related to blank

distributed computing

In distributed computing, blank are shared among two or more servers to accomplish a single task

resources

In the blank cloud computing environment, a third party provides all of the computing resources outside of the organization

public

In the blank computing environment, each individual organization builds it own cloud computing resources to provide resources internally

private

In blank computing environment, cloud computing resources are provided internally within an organization but also connected to an external public cloud to help supplement resources when needed.

hybrid

In the blank model, the cloud computing vendor provides low level server resources to host applications for organizations

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

In the blank model, the cloud computing vendor provides both the physical server as well as the operating system environment to the customer

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

In the blank model, the cloud computing vendor provides a complete application environment

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Which of the following is a function of the Linux kernel (select all that apply): A. Allocating memory for use by programs B. Allocating CPU time for use by programs C. Creating menus in GUI programs D. Controlling access to hard disks E. Enabling programs to use the network

A, B, D, E

Which of the following is an example of an embedded OS? A. Android B. CentOS C. Fedora D. Mint E. Red Hat

Which of the following is a notable difference between MacOS and Linux? A. Linux can run common GNU programs, whereas MacOS cannot B. Linux's GUI is based on the X window system, whereas MacOs is not. C.Linux cannot run on Apple Macintosh hardware, whereas macOS can run only on Apple hardware D. Linux relies heavily on BSD software, whereas maCOS does not E. Linux supports text-mode commands, whereas macOS does not

Where did the Linux kernel come from? A. It was derived from Microsoft Windows B, It was derived from Apple MacOS C. It was derived from AT&T unix D. It was derived from BSD unix E.It was created by Linus Torvalds

True or False - If you log into a Linux system in graphical mode, you cannot use text mode commands in that session

False

True or False: CentOS is a Linux distribution with a long release cycle

True

A Linux text mode prompt reads: A. login: B. welcome: C. Enter: D. userid: E. Enter your userid:

A common security problem with Windows that's essentially nonexistent on Linux is A. Commercial software B. Network firewalls C. Network routers D. Viruses E. Software Management packages

Pre-release software that's likely to contain bugs is called blank and blank

Alpha and Beta

Linux distributions that have no version number but instead release upgrades in an ongoing manner have a(an) blank release

rolling