Chapter 2 Flashcards
A blank is, as the name implies, a legally recognized right to create a copy of something
copyright
In the past, copies were ignored on the principle of blank - that is, exceptions that allow portions of copyrighted material to be copied
fair use
A blank protects a single creative work, which can be considered an expression of an idea, but a blank protects the idea itself
copyright
patent
In the US, blank are legal. Although you can’t blank an entire program, you can blank the algorithms that the program uses
patent
Blank are another type of intellectual property. These are names, logos, and similar identifiers of a specific company or product
trademarks
Although software is subject to copyright law, most software is released with a blank, which is a legal document that claims to modify the rights granted by copyright law.
license
The blank, which is the license used by the Linux kernel, grants you the right to redistribute the software, including both the source code and binaries
General Public License
As a general rule, licenses for proprietary software blank your rights under copyright law, while open source licenses grant you additional rights
restrict
A blank is a license for a proprietary program that grants an organization the right to make a certain number of copies of the program
site license
Founded in 1985 by Richard Stallman, the blank is the driving force behind the GNU Not Unix(GNU) project
Free Software Foundation(FSF)
The FSF advocate for blank, which it defines as freedom to do things you want to do with the software, not the price of the software. “Free as in speech, not free as in beer.”
free software
The FSF defines what four specific software freedoms -
- Freedom to use software for any purpose
- Freedom to examine the source code and modify it as you see fit
3.Freedom to redistribute the software - Freedom to redistribute your modified software
The FSF philosophy and the license it inspires are often referred to as blank
copyleft
Copyleft licensing is sometimes called blank
reciprocal licensing
The legal expression of the FSF’s principles comes in the form of the blank
GPL (or GNU GPL)
Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond founded the blank in 1998 as an umbrella organization for open source software in general.
Open Source Initiative (OSI)
The biggest philosophical difference between the FSF and OSI is what?
A GPL requirement that derived works also be distributed under the GPL
Several licenses approved by the OSI are called blank, which allows users to copy, share, and modify the software with minimal requirements concerning software redistribution
permissive licenses
Two terms, blank and blank, are sometimes used as umbrella terms to refer explicitly to both types of software development
Free and open source software(FOSS)
Free/libre open source software(FLOSS)
What are the ten principles of open source software?
- Free Redistribution
- Source Code availability
- Permission to derive works
- Respect for source code integrity
- No discrimination against persons or groups
- No discrimination against fields of endeavor
- Automatic License distribution
- Lack of product specificity
- Lack of restriction on other software
- Technology neutrality
Whereas the FSF and the OSI are dedicated to promoting software freedom, the objectives of blank are broader. Its licenses are aimed at audio recordings, video recordings, textual works and so on.
Creative commons
The Creative Commons was founded by blank. Its goal is to combat what creatives and supporters view as a creative culture that is increasingly tied to permission granted (or not granted) by those who hold copyrights on earlier works
Lawrence Lessig
The Linux kernel uses blank license
GPLv2
The blank licenses allow modifications to be distributed under different licenses
Berkeley Source Definitions (BSD)
The blank is the license behind Xorg-X11.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) license
Like BSD and MIT, the blank is an open source license that permits redistribution under the same or another license. The text file NOTICE must be included in any derived work.
Apache
Some Linux distributions like blank are maintained by volunteers or by not-for-profit organizations, while others, such as blank, are maintained by companies that expect to make a profit
Debian
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
The product itself can be open source and free while the company sells blank as a subscription
Services and support
In blank, a company can create two versions of the product: one completely open source and another for purchase with additional features and add-ons
Dual licensing
Blank are a crowdfunding method
Bounties
In order for software to be certified as open source, which of the following is not required?
A. The license must not discriminate against people or groups of people
B.The license must not require that the software be distributed as part of a specific product.
C. The license must require that changes be distributed under the same license.
D. The program must come with source code, or the author must make it readily available on the Internet
E. The license must automatically apply to anybody who acquires the software
C
Which is true of Linux distribution as a whole?
A. They’re covered by GPL or BSD license, depending on the distribution
B. Sometimes they may not be copied because of the non-open source software they may contain
C. They may be copied only after using the MIT license is removed
D. They all completely conform to the principles of the open source movement
E. They all qualify as free software as the FSF uses the term
B
Which of the following is a key part of the FSF’s philosphy?
A. Developers should use the latest version of the FSF’s GPL.
B.Users have the right to modify free software and distribute it under a commercial license.
C.Developers should write software only for free operating systems such as GNU/Linux.
D. Users should engage in civil disobedience by copying proprietary software
E. Users must have the right to use the software as they see fit.
E
True or False: Copyright law governs the distribution of software in most countries
True
True or False: Because their hardware designs are proprietary, hardware vendors cannot release open source drivers for their products
False
A license created by the FSF and often used for libraries is :
A. BSD
B. Apache
C. GPL
D. LGPL
E. MIT
D
An organization devoted to promoting open-source like principles in fields such as video and audio recordings is what?
Creative Commons
The FSF’s general principles are summarized by the term blank, which refers to using copyright laws for purposes that are in some way’s contrary to copyright’s original intent
copyleft
Users can motivate programmers to work on open sourcce projects by offering a blank to whomever completes the project first
bounty
True or False: The FSF’s free software definition and the OSI’s 10 principles of open source software both require that users have the ability to examine a program’s workings – that is in source code
True
