Chapter 6 Flashcards
Your blank (sometimes called the processor) is the brain of the computer – it does most of the computer’s actual computing
CPU
This CPU type originated with Intel’s 8086 CPU, but the first model is capable of running Linux was the 80386 (also known as 386)
x86
Other names for this architecture include AMD64, x64, and EM64T.
x86-64
The Intel line of processors that is the cheapest CPU, offers low end speed and processing performance
i3
The Intel line of processors that is the mid-range CPU, offers medium speed and processing performance as well as a medium-level price
i5
The Intel line of processors that is the high-end CPU, offers advanced speeds and processing performances but as a higher price
i7
The blank processor was introduced in 1985 but has just recently taken off as the main processor in small devices, such as tablets and embedded computer systems.
Advanced RISC Machine (ARM)
This CPU, created as a cooperative effort of Apple, IBM, and Motorola, was Apple’s CPU of choice between 1994 and 2006.
PowerPC
Intel created blank or IA-64, architecture as a 64-bit replacement for the x86 line, but it gained little market penetration except in the server field
Itanium
Many CPUS today are blank. These CPUS package the circuitry for two or more CPUs into one unit.
multicore models
Typing blank displays basic information on the kernel and the CPU
uname -a
The blank command returns additional information on about 20 lines of output. Much of this is highly technical, such as the sizes of caches the CPU supports
lscpu
The blank command returns still more information than lscpu.
cat /proc/cpuinfo
If the CPU is the computer brain, the blank is the rest of the computer’s central nervous system, which is a large circuit board inside the computer.
motherboard
The motherboard is dominated by a blank, which is one or more chips that provide key functionality for the computer
chipset
In addition to the chipset, motherboards include plug-in interfaces for these 6 key components
1) One or more slots for the computer’s CPU
2) Slots for Random Access Memory (RAM)
3) Slots for plug-in Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) or other cards
4) Connectors for internal hard disks, such as the Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interface
5) Back-Panel connectors that provide external interfaces for USB devices, keyboards, and monitors. and so on
6) Connectors for additional external devices, such as front-panel USB plugs
Whether the feature is provided by the main of secondary chipset, you can learn about most of the motherboard’s features by using the blank command
lspci
A computer’s power supply takes the blank power from a wall outlet and converts it to the blank that your motherboard and everything you plug into it uses
alternating current (AC)
direct current (DC)
Today, what three disk interfaces are common
PATA
SATA
NVMe
This disk interface was very common in the past, but it’s fading in popularity. It features wide 40- and 80- pin cables that transfer several bits of data simultaneously
PATA
In 2003, a serial version of the ATA protocol was created.
SATA
The blank interface was designed specifically to support SSD drive storage standards
Non-volatile Memory Express (NVMe)
You can think of a hard disk as a set of blank, each of which holds a small amount of data - normally 512 bytes. The disk hardware itself does little to help organize data on the disk, aside from providing a means to read and write specific blanks.
sectors
Blank exist to help subdivide the disk into pieces with broadly different purposes (like different OSs or for different types of data in the OS)
Disk partitions
The most common partitioning scheme for x86 and x86-64 supports what three types of partitions
Primary
Extended
Logical
Blank is the simplest type of partition which a disk can have zero to four, including one extended.
Primary
This is a special type of primary partition that serves as a placeholder for logical partitions, and the disk can only have one
Extended
These partitions are kept within the extended partition. In theory a disk can have billions, but you’re likely to see no more than 12.
Logical
When it comes to partitioning a disk, Linux supports what three family of tools
1) fdisk
2) liberated
3) GPT fdisk
Most disk partitions contain blank, which are data structures that help the computer organize your directories and files.
filesystems
In Linux, all filesystems are part of a blank.
single directory tree
The main filesystem in Linux is referred to as the blank.
/root
The blank filesystem was popular in the 1990s but is rarely used today because it lacks a journal.
Ext2fs
The blank filesystem is essentially Ext2fs with a journal.
Ext3fs
The blank filesystem improves on Ext3fs with speed improvements and the ability to handle larger files and disks, up to 16 TB
Ext4fs
The blank filesystem is similar to Ext3fs with an 8TB size limit and 16TB filesystem-size limit.
ReiserFS
IBM developed the blank filesystem for its AIX OS, but the source code found its way to Linux.
JFS
Silicon graphics developed this filesystem to IRIX OS and later donated it to Linux. It supports up to 8 EiB files and filesystems up to 16 Eib.
XFS
The new filesystem, known as blank, is intended as the next generation filesystem. It supports files up to 16 EiB and filesystems up to the same size.
Btrfs
If you’re planning a new Linux installation, you should consider what three filesystems.
Ext4fs, Btrfs, XFS
To access a filesystem, you must blank it with the command of the same name.
mount
If you insert a blank into a computer that’s running most modern Linux distributions, the computer will detect that fact, mount the disk in a subdirectory of /media, and launch the file manager on the disk
removable disk
Most removable disks typically use what filesystem?
FAT
Linux provides what two display modes
GUI
text-mode
Modern Linux distributions use one of two popular X software packages
X.org
Wayland
Much of the challenge in dealing with blank is managing drivers.
video devices
What (3) video drivers work with NVIDIA?
nv, nouveau, nvidia
What (2) video drivers work with AMD/ATI video hardware?
ati, fglrx
What video driver works with Intel video hardware?
intel
What 2 generic video drivers work with a multitude of video hardware?
fbdev and vesa
Most modern computers use blank as the primary interface for external peripherals
USB
The X software usually manages any Human Interface devices when you blank.
plug it in
When using a insertable disk drive, it’s imperative that you blank it before removing it to prevent data corruption.
unmount
A piece of software that talks to hardware is known as a blank.
driver
Broadly speaking drivers can exist in one of what two locations?
the kernel
an external library or application
Most drivers are blank.
kernel-based
Name 3 drivers that reside in an external library or application
SANE (scanners)
Ghostscript(converts printed output)
X (manages the display)
What command provides the most information about your motherboard?
lspci
Why might you partition a drive? (Select all that apply)
A. To install more than one OS on the disk
B. To use ext4fs instead of ReiserFS
C. To turn a PATA disk into a SATA disk
D. To separate filesystem data from swap space
E. To separate the disk’s cache from its main data
A, D
Which of the following devices is not commonly attached via an USB?
A. Video Monitors
B. Keyboards
C. External hard disks
D. Printers
E. Scanners
A
True or False: An EMT64T CPU is capable of running a Linux distribution identified as being for the AMD64 CPU?
True
True or False: UDF is a good filesystem to use for a Linux installation on a hard disk
False
True or False: The Linux kernel includes drivers for various disk controllers, network adapters, USB interfaces, among other things
True
THe x86 architecture uses a blank-bit architecture
32
A computer power supply converts electricity from alternating current to blank
direct current
The blank standard is a modern digital video interface that’s commonly used on computer monitors
HDMI
Two current popular X software packages are blank and blank
X.org and Wayland
