Chapter 9

Question 1

feeble mindedness

Answer 1

a term used in the 19th century to describe individuals with low intelligence or a low IQ

Question 2

early positivist criminologists

Answer 2

concerned with finding objectives statistical and scientific ways to understand crime

Question 3

the founder of psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

personality has 3 components

Answer 4

the id, the ego, and the superego.

Question 5

the id

Answer 5

the instinctual and impulsive aspect of personality that embodies our desires, wishes, and drives.

Question 6

ego

Answer 6

the aspect of personality that helps negotiate the demands of the real world

Question 7

superego

Answer 7

a personas moral compass, conscience, and ethical principles

Question 8

psychoanalysis

Answer 8

a therapeutic technique in psychiatry and philosophy pioneered by Sigmund Freud

Question 9

pleasure principle

Answer 9

the notion that people should maximize pleasure and minimize pain

Question 10

reality principle

Answer 10

the notion that people should assess the demands of the real world and act accordingly

Question 11

neurotic personality

Answer 11

people with an overactive superego are said to experience increased levels of guilt.

Question 12

why do people with a neurotic personality commit crime?

Answer 12

these neurotic offenders, as they are sometimes called, commit crimes to be punished to lessen negative feelings arising from this guilt

Question 13

impulsive personality

Answer 13

some people are thought to have a weak ego that fails to control behavior. in these cases, the ID is unregulated, and the individual has an impulsive personality and behaves hedonistically

Question 14

anti-social personality

Answer 14

criminal behavior could stem from deviant self-identification. the superego develops normally, but the person identifies with and froms a close bond to someone who is a criminal.

Question 15

what are people who have undergone the process of deviant self-identification referred to as?

Answer 15

sociopaths or anti-social offenders

Question 16

psychopathic personality

Answer 16

results when the superego fails to develop properly. can understand that people have emotions and can feel pain; however, they cannot put themselves in another person’s shoes

Question 17

what do psychopaths lack

Answer 17

a conscience and an inability to feel empathy for others

Question 18

how have psychopaths been described

Answer 18

predators that manipulate, intimidate, and sometimes use violence to control others and fulfill their own selfish goals.

Question 19

the types of psychopaths

Answer 19

primary, secondary, and dyssocial

Question 20

neurotic

Answer 20

according to psychoanalytic theory, a condition that results from an overactive superego

Question 21

primary psychopaths

Answer 21

have a suite of biological, psychological, and emotional characteristics that set them apart from other people, even when compared with many serious criminals

Question 22

secondary psychopaths

Answer 22

have severe emotional issues often stemming from parental mistreatment or rejection. they tend to have problems controlling their behavior

Question 23

dyssocial psychopaths

Answer 23

learned antisocial behavior from their subculture groups

Question 24

psychopathy

Answer 24

a personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy, egocentrism, manipulation of others, and a tendency toward antisocial and criminal behavior

Question 25

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 25

characterized by a lack of morality, impulsivity, and aggressive behavior; individuals with APD often have a history of criminal behavior

Question 26

neuroticism

Answer 26

a person’s excitability level and emotional stability; highly neurotic people tend to be emotionally unstable and overreact to minor situations

Question 27

psychoticism

Answer 27

a measure of attributes such as aggression, empathy, and tough-mindedness; those who score high in psychoticism tend to be cold, callous, and manipulative

Question 28

cortical arousal

Answer 28

activation of the reticular formation of the brain

Question 29

behaviorism

Answer 29

a learning theory that suggests all behavior can be shaped by rewards and punishment

Question 30

Eysenck’s theory of the criminal personality has three key traits

Answer 30

1. extraversion
2. neuroticism

Question 31

extraversion

Answer 31

focuses on a person’s activity level; extroverts and introverts

Question 32

neuroticism

Answer 32

a person’s level of excitability and emotional stability. people high in neuroticism tend to be emotionally unstable and overreact

Question 33

The frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 33

crime is a natural by-product of aggression and can be explained as a consequence of frustration

Question 34

goal responses

Answer 34

behaviors meant to achieve particular goals that provide pleasurable outcomes

Question 35

modeling

Answer 35

a form of learning that occurs through observation of others and vicarious reinforcement

Question 36

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 36

reinforcement that is experienced indirectly through observing another persons behvior being rewarded

Question 37

violent risk appraisal guide VRAG

Answer 37

used to predict violent recidivism; uses 12 items based on different static risk factors found to be highly correlated with violence

Question 38

HCR-20

Answer 38

this scale makes use of structured professional judgment and a mixture of items based on stsic risk factors to make predictions

Question 39

what is the HCR-20 geared to assess

Answer 39

risk of violent behavior in correctional and forensic psychiatric samples and was found to be effective at [redicting when compared with other instruments