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criminology 1001 > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Chicago school

A

the first school of sociology in the US; contributed to social disorganization theory, cultural transmission theory, differential association theory, subculture theory, the sociology of deviance, and symbolic interactionism.

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2
Q

what type of approach is best used within crime?

A

Sociological approaches are the most prevalent and widely accepted in crime

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3
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Emile Durkheim

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4
Q

what theories was Durkheim the founder of?

A

anomie theory and social control theory

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5
Q

who played a key role in establishing sociology’s dominance?

A

Sutherland

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6
Q

how can the interrelationship between sociology and criminology be explained?

A

until recently, the discipline of criminology was often subsumed under the auspices of sociology departments.

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7
Q

how do sociological explanations view crime?

A

crime and deviance are normal or semi-normal as they are socially or culturally learned responses to social circumstances

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8
Q

biological explanations

A

investigate inherited biogenetic deficits or abnormalities that predispose individuals to engage in criminal or deviant acts.

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9
Q

psychological explanations

A

examine individual differences in personality, memory, perception, learning, and cognition, and how such differences can lead to abnormal behavior and character disorders.

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10
Q

what theories do the overlap between sociological, psychological, and biological combine?

A

Sutherland’s differential association theory and B.F Skinner’s work on operant conditioning.

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11
Q

structural functionalism

A

the view that society is natural and organic

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12
Q

who laid the groundwork for what became known as the “ sociology of law”?

A

Montesquieu

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13
Q

sociology of knowledge

A

Henri de Saint-Simon - human science: applied scientific principles to the study of society

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14
Q

anomie

A

a coin termed by Durkheim to describe periods of lawlessness, an unrestrained choice, or a breakdown in social solidarity.

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15
Q

who first coined the terms sociology and positivism?

A

Comte

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16
Q

why did Durkheim reject the disease analogy and what did he observe?

A

crime has existed throughout history and is present in all societies. he concluded that a certain amount of crime must be normal or serve a social function.

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17
Q

social solidarity

A

Durkheim; creating a them vs us mentality or a good vs bad distinction

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18
Q

how did Marx view society?

A

rooted in social conflict and postulated that capitalism would be overthrown and replaced with socialism.

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19
Q

Durkheim argument on society

A

society was based on consensus and was comparable to a natural functioning organism that does what it has to do to survive

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20
Q

consensus

A

shared norms, values, and beliefs

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21
Q

forces of integration

A

the social bonds and shared beliefs that attracted people and held them together

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22
Q

forces of regulation

A

the laws and social institutions that helped ensure compliance with social norms, values, and beliefs.

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23
Q

the social Darwinist notion

A

people with low socio-economic status were that way due to their degenerative condition and challenged a popular notion.

24
Q

what did members of the chicago school conclude?

A

it was the nature of the neighborhood - the cause of criminality

25
Q

what was the population growth caused by (1830 - 1930) social disorganization theory

A

mass immigration from other countries trying to escape political instability as well as black Americans fleeing

26
Q

what did Parkland Burgess observe Chicago-centric zone model

A

chicago had grown in a series of five concentric zones. each with its own distinctive land and usage and population

27
Q

functionalism

A

the idea that society is comparable to a functioning organism with irrelated parts and structures to ensure that the parts work together; functionalists believe that society is based on consensus.

28
Q

who saw the city as a functioning organism, or natural human environment?

A

Park and Burgees

29
Q

How did Park and Burgees acknowledge functioning (organism/natural human environment)?

A

they regarded the formation of these concentric zones as part of the natural evolutionary process of “invasion, dominance and succession”, much like what happened in the animal kingdom when a new more successful species invades.

30
Q

what happened as the loop grew and expanded outward (concentric zone model)

A

as the loop grew and expanded outward, it put pressure on the zone in transition, which became a rundown urban slum.

31
Q

who was the disorganized zone in transition primarily populated by?

A

immigrant, transient workers, and others who could not afford to live in one of the more affluent zones

32
Q

social disorganization theory

A

the theory that had a breakdown of networks, norms, and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation among residents and can lead to greater crime/violence

33
Q

what did Shaw and McKay study

A

social disorganization

34
Q

what did Shaw and McKay demonstrate and how?

A

juvenile delinquency rates being related to social disorganization by using official census data

35
Q

five main characteristics associated with socially disorganized areas?

A

poverty, overcrowding, ethnic and cultural heterogeneity, residents; instability, and broken homes.

36
Q

what else did social disorganization lead to?

A

a breakdown of the type of informal social controls and their contribution

37
Q

who replicated Shaw and McKays study

A

Sampson and Grooves

38
Q

Shawn and McKay study variables

A

residential density, poverty, ethnic and cultural heterogeneity, residential mobility, family disruption

39
Q

Sampson and Grooves study variables

A

sparse local friendship networks, unsupervised teenage peer groups, low organization participation

40
Q

differential association theory

A

Sutherland’s theory is that criminal behavior is learned through the process of social interaction and the process includes learning skills, motivation, attitudes, and rationalizations.

41
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

chicago school notion that meaning and reality are. socially constructed through the use or sharing of gestures, symbols, or words which are themselves socially created symbols that convey socially agreed upon meanings

42
Q

neutralization

A

an extension of Sutherland’s differential association theory - excused or justified behavior (Skye and Matza)

43
Q

Sutherland’s differential association theory

A

criminals learn motivations and rationalizations to justify their criminal behavior

44
Q

sociology of deviance

A

blends chicago school symbolic interactionism with views on how crime and deviance are used to maintain social boundaries or control

45
Q

who are recognized as the most prominent thinkers in the sociology of deviance

A

Erikson and Becker

46
Q

sociology of deviance beliefs

A

deviance is relative and normal behavior for societies while abnormal and criminal for others

47
Q

labeling theory

A

the theory that the label affixed through the criminalization process may lead individuals to develop a deviant self-image or feel different (becker)

48
Q

moral panic

A

certain people or groups are labeled as the cause of a perceived social problem resulting in public alarm

49
Q

anomie strain theory

A

Merton’s theory describing the state of anomie in American society caused by the disjunction between cultural goals

50
Q

cultural transmission theory

A

criminal subcultures develop their own criminal values or norms which pass through generations

51
Q

general strain theory

A

explains delinquent acts by teens from affluent families; teens have more immediate strains

52
Q

institutional-anomie theory

A

Messner and Rosenfeild’s theory that institutional imbalance is caused by the cultural goals of capitalist society and the failure of social institutions to integrate and regulate these goals

53
Q

social learning theory

A

definitions favorable to criminal behavior are learned through differential reinforcement; criminal behavior depends on reward or punishment

54
Q

social control theory

A

rooted in Durkheim forces of integration the concern with the breakdown in informal social controls holds that social bonds and informal social controls act as restraints

55
Q

social bond theory

A

social control theory by Hirschi; the four elements of the social bond - attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief

56
Q

interactional theory

A

Thornberrys theory that both social bond theory and social learning theory is needed to explain criminal behavior because of weakening the social bond and social learning of criminal values are interactional or reciprocal

criminology 1001 (12 decks)

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