chapter 6 Flashcards
race
a term used to categorize people based on colour and physical traits
Canadian character of rights and freedoms
a Canadian legal statue that sets out the basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians.
Biological determinism
the theory that people with certain genes are inherently criminal
social hierarchies
fundamentally latent processes that describe social relationships between individuals and groups
racism
any prejudice against someone based on their race when those views are reinforced by systems of power
cultural racism
widespread values and beliefs that normalize white socioeconomic power. the belief that certain cultural groups have less power.
othering
a process whereby individuals and groups are treated and marked as different and inferior from the dominant social group.
discrimination
the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation.
marginalization
treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.
prejudice
a favoring or dislike of something without good reason
xenophobia
dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.
institutional racism
the perpetuation of discrimination on the basis of “race” by political, economic, or legal institutions and systems.
Two factors that may contribute to an increased risk of engaging in crime
- Institutionalized racism
- Poverty
Critical race theory (CRT)
a theory that examine the ways in which race and social power are constructed by law and society, and that sees the law and criminal justice system not as solutions but a part of the problem.
CRT argument 1
Argues that traditional legal approaches, that focus on neutrality and equality are inadequate for addressing the ways in which racism is embedded in society.
CRT argument 2
The continued disadvantage faced by racialized groups in all social institutions is not a coincidence or an accident occurrence
The tenets of CRT
Argues the societal understandings related to race are deeply ingrained in the functioning of society
Race relations and policing task force (1988)
Aimed to examine police training, policies, practices, and attitudes regarding members of rationalized communities
racial profiling
the act or tendency of law enforcement officers and others to consider people suspicious or more likely to commit crimes due to the colour of their skin
street checks
non-criminal encounters between a civilian and police officer
police stops
events in which the police initiate a stop to question someone on crime related matters
Police use of force - racism
excessive use of force on black people from police officers
first time defenders
individuals who have never been charged with a crime
Police discretion
the freedom of judgment and choices given to police officers in specified circumstances in accordance with their governing policies.
youth diversion programs
alternative programs provided to youth instead of a formal charge of conviction
colourblind approach
the best way to end discrimination is by treating individuals as equally as possible.
unconscious bias
attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding, decision making, and behaviour without a person realizing it
mandatory minimum sentences
sentences that eliminate judicial discretion and require that a minimum sentence be imposed upon conviction for certain crimes
