chapter 12

Question 1

critical criminology

Answer 1

a school of thought with multiple subfields but largely concerned with social justice and inequality, promoting active opposition to the status quo, and favoring larger societal transformations rather than minor policy changes

Question 2

punitive turn

Answer 2

the move from criminal justice policies and programs aimed at rehabilitating offenders toward those that simplify and offer punishment for its own sake. this occurred despite declining rates and evidence that punishment is not always effective.

Question 3

anarchism

Answer 3

a political and social perspective that rejects the necessity of imposed rule by external authorities such as the state. It means the absence of rulers, though not the absence of rules. anarchism has influenced critical criminology generally and post-structural and peace-making criminology and restorative justice specifically

Question 4

marxism

Answer 4

a school of thought developed by Karl Marx arguing that society must be understood in terms of social conflict, class relations, and the inequalities caused by capitalism. Marxist promote revolution

Question 5

conflict theories

Answer 5

originating with Marx who focused on the unequal distribution of power in society

Question 6

interactionist perspective

Answer 6

a theoretical approach that focuses on relatively small-scale social interactions among individuals or small social groups, as well as the conscious acts of individuals and their interpretation of other’s behavior

Question 7

moral panic

Answer 7

socially constructed by the media; certain people or certain groups are labeled or stigmatized as the cause of perceived social problems, resulting in public alarm

Question 8

patriarchy

Answer 8

an elitist form of social structure in which men dominate politics, economics, and other aspects of society

Question 9

critical race theory

Answer 9

a theory that examines ways in which race and racial power are constructed by law and society, and that see the law and criminal justice system not as solutions but as part of the problem

Question 10

post-colonial theory

Answer 10

the wide-ranging academic study of the social, political, and cultural legacy of colonial rule and its effects on individual and group identities and social power relations. (otherness)

Question 11

systematic racism

Answer 11

the belief that racism. does not occur only in isolation. instances but is entrenched in and perpetuated by our criminal justice system and other institutions

Question 12

racial profiling

Answer 12

the act or tendency of law enforcement officers and others to consider people suspicious or more likely to commit crime because of the color of their skin or their ethnicity

Question 13

post-structuralism

Answer 13

a theoretical perspective concerned with how power operates between and among individuals, groups, and social institutions. post-structuralists look for differences in power

Question 14

discourses

Answer 14

forms of language, representation, and practices and how meaning is created and shared

Question 15

Foucauldian

Answer 15

relating to the works of influential French thinker Michel Foucault

Question 16

social justice

Answer 16

movement promotes the need for equality, tolerance, and fairness for all members of society, particularly about different classes and the less privileged

Question 17

restorative justice

Answer 17

an approach to justice and sentencing often influenced by Indigenous culture that emphasizes the healing and reconciliation of victims perpetrators and their communities and promotes positive social engagement

Question 18

genocide

Answer 18

certain acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

Question 19

prison industrial complex

Answer 19

adapted from military complex used to attribute increases in incarceration rates to the efforts of private for-profit corporations that build and maintain prisons with the active legislative and financial support for their political allies