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Psychology 101 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

Degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information

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3
Q

Genes

A

Parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is
transmitted

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4
Q

Zygote

A

New cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm

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5
Q

Embryo

A

Developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs

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6
Q

Fetus

A

Developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

Anything that produces a birth defect

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8
Q

Rubella (German
measles)

A

Blindness, deafness, heart abnormalities, stillbirth

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9
Q

Mother’s age—
younger than 18 at
birth of child

A

Premature birth, increased incidence of Down syndrome

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10
Q

Mother’s age—
older than 35 at
birth of child

A

Increased incidence of Down syndrome

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11
Q

DES
(diethylstilbestrol)

A

Reproductive difficulties and increased incidence of genital cancer in children of mothers who were given DES during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage

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12
Q

AIDS

A

Possible spread of AIDS virus to infant; facial deformities; growth failure

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13
Q

Accutane

A

Intellectual disability and physical deformities

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14
Q

Neonate

A

new born child

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15
Q

Reflexes

A

Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

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16
Q

Habituation

A

Decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated
presentations of the same stimulus

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17
Q

Attachment

A

Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular
individual

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18
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Focused on newborn goslings
* Labeled a process called imprinting

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19
Q

Harry Harlow’s

A

Wire monkey versus cloth monkey

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20
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children

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21
Q

Permissive parents

A

Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them

22
Q

Authoritative parents:

A

Parents who are fi rm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them

23
Q

Uninvolved parents

A

Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached

24
Q

Temperament

A

Basic, innate characteristic way of responding and behavioral style

25
Q

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

A

Psychosocial development: Development of individuals’ interactions and
understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as
members of society

26
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

Occurring from birth to age 1½ years
Develop feelings of trust or lack of trust

27
Q

Autonomy vs Shame-and-doubt

A

Occurring during 1½ - 3 years of age
Develop independence or self-doubt

28
Q

Initiative vs Guilt

A

Occurring between 3 - 6 years of age
Experiences conflict between independence of action and negative results of that
action

29
Q

Industry vs Inferiority

A

Occurring between 6 - 12 years of age
Develop positive social interactions

30
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little
competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other
symbols

31
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development

32
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism

33
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought

34
Q

Metacognition

A

An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes

35
Q

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

Gap between what children
already are able to accomplish on their own and what they are not quite
ready to do by themselves

36
Q

Puberty

A

Period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs beginning at about
age:
* 11 or 12 years for girls
* Menstruation
* 13 or 14 years for boys
* Spermarche

37
Q

Menopause

A

Women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile

38
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and
irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

39
Q

Temperament

A

Ability to overcome circumstances that place children at high risk for
psychological or even physical harm

40
Q

Hereditary

A

the ability to pass down genes to offspring

41
Q

DNA

A

The carrier of genetic information

42
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

metabolic disorder that prevents the body from processing amino acids

43
Q

Sick Cell Anemia

A

a blood disorder that affects the shape and function of red blood cells

44
Q

Tay Sachs

A

inherited genetic disorder that destroys nerve cells

45
Q

Fragile X

A

a genetic disorder that affects a persons development, learning, and behavior

46
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

A genetic condition that occurs when a male has a extra X chromosome

47
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

a genetic disorder that affects a females development and appearance

48
Q

XYY Syndrome

A

male has a extra Y chromosomes

49
Q

Piagets Cognitive Theory

A

describes the stages of intellectual development from infancy to adulthood

50
Q

Erikson’s Psychological Theory

A

psychological development from infancy to adulthood

51
Q

Vygotsky’s Theory

A

a theory of learning that emphasizes the role of social interaction.

Psychology 101 (13 decks)

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