Chapter 9 Flashcards
Nature-nurture issue
Degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior
Chromosomes
Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information
Genes
Parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is
transmitted
Zygote
New cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm
Embryo
Developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs
Fetus
Developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth
Teratogens
Anything that produces a birth defect
Rubella (German
measles)
Blindness, deafness, heart abnormalities, stillbirth
Mother’s age—
younger than 18 at
birth of child
Premature birth, increased incidence of Down syndrome
Mother’s age—
older than 35 at
birth of child
Increased incidence of Down syndrome
DES
(diethylstilbestrol)
Reproductive difficulties and increased incidence of genital cancer in children of mothers who were given DES during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage
AIDS
Possible spread of AIDS virus to infant; facial deformities; growth failure
Accutane
Intellectual disability and physical deformities
Neonate
new born child
Reflexes
Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
Habituation
Decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated
presentations of the same stimulus
Attachment
Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular
individual
Konrad Lorenz
Focused on newborn goslings
* Labeled a process called imprinting
Harry Harlow’s
Wire monkey versus cloth monkey
Authoritarian parents
Parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children
Permissive parents
Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them
Authoritative parents:
Parents who are fi rm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them
Uninvolved parents
Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached
Temperament
Basic, innate characteristic way of responding and behavioral style
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial development: Development of individuals’ interactions and
understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as
members of society
Trust vs Mistrust
Occurring from birth to age 1½ years
Develop feelings of trust or lack of trust
Autonomy vs Shame-and-doubt
Occurring during 1½ - 3 years of age
Develop independence or self-doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
Occurring between 3 - 6 years of age
Experiences conflict between independence of action and negative results of that
action
Industry vs Inferiority
Occurring between 6 - 12 years of age
Develop positive social interactions
Sensorimotor stage
Stage from birth to 2 years, during which a child has little
competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other
symbols
Preoperational stage
Period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development
Concrete operational stage
Period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism
Formal operational stage
Period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought
Metacognition
An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Gap between what children
already are able to accomplish on their own and what they are not quite
ready to do by themselves
Puberty
Period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs beginning at about
age:
* 11 or 12 years for girls
* Menstruation
* 13 or 14 years for boys
* Spermarche
Menopause
Women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile
Alzheimer’s disease
Progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and
irreversible decline in cognitive abilities
Temperament
Ability to overcome circumstances that place children at high risk for
psychological or even physical harm
Hereditary
the ability to pass down genes to offspring
DNA
The carrier of genetic information
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
metabolic disorder that prevents the body from processing amino acids
Sick Cell Anemia
a blood disorder that affects the shape and function of red blood cells
Tay Sachs
inherited genetic disorder that destroys nerve cells
Fragile X
a genetic disorder that affects a persons development, learning, and behavior
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
A genetic condition that occurs when a male has a extra X chromosome
Turner’s syndrome
a genetic disorder that affects a females development and appearance
XYY Syndrome
male has a extra Y chromosomes
Piagets Cognitive Theory
describes the stages of intellectual development from infancy to adulthood
Erikson’s Psychological Theory
psychological development from infancy to adulthood
Vygotsky’s Theory
a theory of learning that emphasizes the role of social interaction.
