Chapter 5

Question 1

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer 1

Studied by Ivan Pavlov, is when a neutral Stimulus brings a response when it meets a another stimulus

Question 2

Little Albert

Answer 2

John b Watson and Rosalie Rayner applied the condition of fear, phobias, ptsd, drug addiction, and roundness of scents

Question 3

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 3

Reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 4

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 4

Occurs after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response

Question 5

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 5

Occurs if two stimuli are different from each other

Question 6

John Garcia

Answer 6

Found that some organisms were biologically prepared to quickly learn to avoid foods that smelled or taste like something that made them sick

Question 7

Operant conditioning

Answer 7

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened

Question 8

Thorndike’s Law of effect

Answer 8

Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

Question 9

B.F. Skinner

Answer 9

The Skinner box: A chamber with a highly controlled environment, used to study operant conditioning with laboratory animals

Question 10

Reinforcement

Answer 10

A stimulus will increase the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

Question 11

Reinforcer

Answer 11

The stimulus that increase the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again

Question 12

Primary reinforcers

Answer 12

Satisfy biological need and works naturally

Question 13

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 13

Stimulus that becomes reinforcing

Question 14

Positive reinforcers

Answer 14

A stimuli added to the environment that brings an increase in a response from before

Question 15

Negative reinforcers

Answer 15

Unpleasant stimulus when removed leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated

Question 16

Punishment

Answer 16

Stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

Question 17

Positive punishment - Addition

Answer 17

Weakens a response through the application of an unpleasent stimulus

Question 18

Negative punishment - remo al

Answer 18

Weakens a response through the removal of something pleasant

Question 19

Pros of punishment

Answer 19

Used for dangerous behaviors

Question 20

Cons of punishment

Answer 20

Ineffective, may be replaced by worser behavior

Question 21

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 21

Different patterns of timing of reinforcement following desired behavior, come in two ways continuous and partial reinforcement schedules

Question 22

Fixed- Ratio schedule

Answer 22

Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

Question 23

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 23

Just like fixed but random over specific

Question 24

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 24

Provides reinforcement for a response after a fixed amount of time

Question 25

Shaping

Answer 25

Reinforcing what doesn’t come naturally

Question 26

Cognitive approaches to learning

Answer 26

An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underline learning

Question 27

Latent learning

Answer 27

Learning in which a new behavior is not demonstrated until some initiative is provided

Question 28

Observational learning

Answer 28

Learning by observing the behavior of another person