Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is Classical Conditioning?
Studied by Ivan Pavlov, is when a neutral Stimulus brings a response when it meets a another stimulus
Little Albert
John b Watson and Rosalie Rayner applied the condition of fear, phobias, ptsd, drug addiction, and roundness of scents
Spontaneous recovery
Reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response
Stimulus Generalization
Occurs after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response
Stimulus discrimination
Occurs if two stimuli are different from each other
John Garcia
Found that some organisms were biologically prepared to quickly learn to avoid foods that smelled or taste like something that made them sick
Operant conditioning
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened
Thorndike’s Law of effect
Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
B.F. Skinner
The Skinner box: A chamber with a highly controlled environment, used to study operant conditioning with laboratory animals
Reinforcement
A stimulus will increase the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer
The stimulus that increase the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
Primary reinforcers
Satisfy biological need and works naturally
Secondary reinforcers
Stimulus that becomes reinforcing
Positive reinforcers
A stimuli added to the environment that brings an increase in a response from before
Negative reinforcers
Unpleasant stimulus when removed leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated
Punishment
Stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again
Positive punishment - Addition
Weakens a response through the application of an unpleasent stimulus
Negative punishment - remo al
Weakens a response through the removal of something pleasant
Pros of punishment
Used for dangerous behaviors
Cons of punishment
Ineffective, may be replaced by worser behavior
Schedules of Reinforcement
Different patterns of timing of reinforcement following desired behavior, come in two ways continuous and partial reinforcement schedules
Fixed- Ratio schedule
Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made
Variable ratio schedule
Just like fixed but random over specific
Fixed-interval schedule
Provides reinforcement for a response after a fixed amount of time
Shaping
Reinforcing what doesn’t come naturally
Cognitive approaches to learning
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underline learning
Latent learning
Learning in which a new behavior is not demonstrated until some initiative is provided
Observational learning
Learning by observing the behavior of another person
