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Psychological Science > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

A

It is based on the measurement of each individual differences in performance.

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2
Q

What does Spearman’s measurement of “g” mean?

A

it meant what someone’s general ability is which is the basis that is needed to perform all tasks.

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3
Q

Spearman also stated that intelligence was a combination of ‘g’ and what four other areas?

A

Mechanical, logical, arithmetical, and spatial skills/ intelligence

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4
Q

Concept Check: you read about three explanations for g. What would each of them say about Spearmen’s factor?

A

If all intelligent abilities depend on a single underlying factor, then the s factor is something added to it for a specific task. The other two explanations propose that intelligence consists of s factors that correlate with one another

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5
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

The power of reasoning and using information

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6
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Is composed of acquired skills and knowledge and the ability to apply that information in familiar situations.

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7
Q

What is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?

A

The difference is that fluid is information that crystalized intelligence relies on experience or expertise.

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8
Q

Concept check: Was Alan Turning’s solution to the slipping bicycle chain, from the introduction of the this chapter, an example of fluid or crystalized intelligence? Was the solution of the bicycle mechanic fluid or crystalized intelligence?

A

Alan Turning’s solution would be fluid because it involves applying preciously known experience to something new. While the bicycle mechanic would be crystalized because it’s been learned and mastered.

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9
Q

What does multiple intelligences mean?

A

It is an idea that was established by Howard Gardner that people have multiple types of intelligence. Meaning while someone may be extremely intelligent in one area they are less so in another area.

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10
Q

Concept Check: The text presented three explanations for g. Which of them is most consistent with Gardner’s idea of intelligence?

A

The third explanation holds those independent abilities because of the same growth factors contribute to each of them. Meaning that multiple intelligences can and do correlate with each other while also being their own thing. The other explanations assume that all intellectual tasks share some things in common.

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11
Q

What does aptitude measure in IQ tests?

A

The ability to learn aka fluid intelligence

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12
Q

What does achievement measure in IQ tests?

A

What you have already learned aka crystalized intelligence

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13
Q

Why did psychologists create the first IQ tests?

A

They created it for French schools to use those tests to determine which students needed extra interventions/ supports.

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14
Q

What is the goal of Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests?

A

It is to predict how someone will do in academic and similar fields of study

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15
Q

What does mental age account for?

A

How children of a certain age on average perform compared to an individual’s results

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16
Q

How was the aim/design of the Stanford Binet IQ test changed?

A

It was changed to see which students were in need of supports to further their advancements rather than find students who need extra support to bring them to grade level

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17
Q

What does adaptive testing mean?

A

Alter the questions that are asked based on the responses from the individual being tested

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18
Q

What ages is the children’s Wechsler tests designed for?

A

children ages 6-16 years old

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19
Q

What ages Weschler adult test designed for?

A

everyone 17 and older

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20
Q

What does the Weschler test determine?

A

Somone’s overall IQ, along with verbal, performance and etc.

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21
Q

What can the Stanford Binet and Wechsler tests identify in an individual?

A

Someone’s strengths and weaknesses along with if the individual has any intellectual disabilities

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22
Q

What was the progressive matrices test designed to do?

A

It was designed as an intelligence test that can be taken by anyone from any language or cultural background since it does not use any language

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23
Q

Concept Check: What might a psychologist recommend for someone who has a high score on the Wechsler test and a low score on the verbal scale?

A

To seek interventions to help with verbal skills ex speech therapy. Or to use the progressive matrices test to get an accurate overall score.

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24
Q

Why do identical twins who were raised together have the highest correlation of IQ scores?

A

It is because the IQ scores are impacted by both genetic and environmental factors. So, with identical twins having the same exact dna and living in the same household attributes to the correlation between scores.

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25
Q

Concept Check: How does the multiplier effect influence our estimates of intelligence?

A

It increases heritability since people with any genetic advantage will get an environmental advantage as a result of their genetic one

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26
Q

_______ is an environmental factor that can influence IQ scores

A

Health

27
Q

What effect does education have on intelligence?

A

It can increase it

28
Q

Concept Check: What types of evidence indicates a difference in environment contributes to differences in IQ scores?

A

When access to education, health resources, or supports in general has been found to increase IQ scores in children

29
Q

TQ: What evidence did Spearmen have for the existence of g?
A) scores of monozygotic twins correlate highly with each other
B) scores on any test of intelligence performance correlates positively with scores on other tests
C) children identified as gifted tend to become highly productive adults
D) on average, intelligence scores are equal for males and females

A

B

30
Q

TQ: On average, how does intelligence change after 20/30?
A) both fluid and crystalized intelligence decline
B) fluid intelligence decreases but crystalized intelligence increases
C) fluid intelligence increases and crystalized intelligence decreases
D) fluid and crystalized intelligence remain at similar levels

A

B

31
Q

TQ: Research strongly supports which of the following conclusions?
A) It is important for educators to identify students learning styles
B) The IQ of monozygotic twins become closer as they age
C) People have numerous, individual forms of intelligence
D) IQ scores explain why some children do better than others in school

A

B

32
Q

TQ: What was the original purpose of Binet’s IQ test?
A) To select the highest scoring students for advanced education
B) To compare performance of ethnic groups
C) To see if there was a correlation between intelligence and brain size
D) To identify struggling learners who needed extra support

A

D

33
Q

TQ: What is the advantage of Raven’s progressive matrices test?
A) The scores identify someone’s strengths and weaknesses
B) It can be used for people who do not know English
C) It can be used with people who are blind
D) It measures the efficiency of each brain area

A

B

34
Q

TQ: What provides the main evidence for a genetic influence on intelligence?
A) Comparison of chromosomes of people with different scores
B) Measurements of IQ changes as people grow older
C) Similarities of IQ scores in parents and their children
D) Studies of twins and adopted children

A

D

35
Q

TQ: In what way do human brains exceed those of all other species?
A) Humans have the largest neurons
B) Humans have the largest brain size
C) Humans have the highest number of neurons
D) Humans have the largest ratio of axons to cell bodies

A

C

36
Q

TQ: In addition to schooling, which of the following is known to improve cognitive performance in low preforming children?
A) Better nutrition
B) Sensitivity to the students learning style
C) Longer vacations from school
D) Starting school at a later age

A

A

37
Q

What does a standardization mean in reference to a test?

A

It means that the test has been examined for questions that are irrelevant or unnecessary for the exam. Additionally, there are regulations for the conditions of which the test is taken in.

38
Q

How does Down Syndrome affect intelligence?

A

It can affect an individual’s speech, memory, and mental tasks

39
Q

What is the IQ score benchmark of someone with mental disabilities?

A

If someone two standard distributions of IQ test from the mean

40
Q

What is the IQ score benchmark of someone with gifted learning abilities?

A

Someone with an IQ score of 130 or higher

41
Q

Why is the IQ not the sole determinant of someone being mentally gifted or disabled?

A

Because we also need to look at the actions and abilities of the individual as well

42
Q

Concept Check: If you wanted to make a new standardized test, how would you start?

A

You would start by having sample group take the exam to determine the mean scores and the standard deviation. But also use it to amend or remove questions that a high number of participants got wrong because it doesn’t make sense.

43
Q

What does the Flynn effect describe about IQ tests?

A

It describes how over time, the IQ test gets restandardized to keep the mean score at 100. Meaning that it gets made to be harder as time goes on

44
Q

Concept Check: If we want to evaluate explanations for the Flynn effect, why is it helpful to examine results from different countries and/or cultures?

A

It is important because then it is possible to see if the effect is more significant in some places than others. Which can be applied to what we know about those places themselves. ex-improved education, marriages of people from different parts of the country, or improved nutrition

45
Q

What does the reliability of a test mean?

A

To see if the scores/ results can be reproduced each time it is taken.

46
Q

Concept Check: Someone just devised a new “intelligence test”. It measures intelligence by dividing the length of the head by its width and multiplying it by 100. Will the test scores be reliable?

A

Yes, because as person’s head size won’t change unless their growing meaning the scores won’t change. Although it is not an actual measure of intelligence.

47
Q

Concept Check: Most students find that their scores increase the second time they take a standardized test. Does that make it reliable?

A

Its not the most reliable if people’s scores can improve unless everyone is improving around the same level and the person who scored the highest still has the highest score.

48
Q

What is a test’s validity mean?

A

It means how good of a measure is the test of what it was made to measure. ex a test made to measure math skills

49
Q

Concept Check: Can a test have high reliability and low validity? Can a test have low reliability and high validity?

A

A test can have high reliability and low validity since it only means that the scores can be repeated. But it does not work the other way around

50
Q

Concept Check: Would test scores such as the ACT or SAT have a higher validity for predicting grades at colleges with higher admission standards than those who admit almost anyone? Why?

A

No, it would only have a high validity at a school that excepts almost anyone because there is a larger range of scores. Compared to a higher standards school which only accepts people with high enough scores. Would not be able to be as much of a predictor of future grades.

51
Q

What does regression to mean refer to when it comes to test scores?

A

It refers to how peoples scores can fluctuate on tests with varying levels of reliability to create or come near the mean

52
Q

What makes a test biased?

A

A test is biased when it unfairly tests or disqualifies a group of people. ex asking someone to take a vison test to be a high school counselor is bias against people who are blind or have poor vision and does not demine their ability to be a sufficient counselor

53
Q

Concept Check: A company hiring salespeople proposes to test applicants on their ability to speak Spanish. It the policy biased against people who don’t speak Spanish?

A

Not necessarily, because if it under or overestimates someone’s ability than it is. However, if it’s used because many of the costumers are Spanish speakers it’s not. But if it’s in a mainly English-speaking neighborhood than it is.

54
Q

What is a stereotype threat?

A

It is when an existing stereotype based on an individual’s identity implies that they will test poorly. Causing the individual to feel concern about reaffirming those stereotypes and as a result perform below their skill level.

55
Q

Concept check: How does stereotype threat affect the validity of a test?

A

Due to the stereotype threat, it causes some people to score lower than they are capable of which lowers the validity of the test itself.

56
Q

Concept Check: How would a belief that tests are biased affect stereotype threat?

A

It would play into the stereotype threat because then both the test itself and the stereotypes both believe that the person is going to not succeed

57
Q

TQ: On average, how do males and females compare in IQ?
A) On average males have a higher IQ
B) On average females have a higher IQ
C) On average, males and females are equal on all subsets and overall IQ
D) On average, males and females differ on certain sub scores but, are overall equal in IQ

A

D

58
Q

TQ: Which of the following is and accepted explanation for the Flynn effect?
A) More recent generations have better health and nutrition
B) Revisions of IQ tests make them easier
C) Richer people have more children that poorer people do
D) Today’s schools teach the material on the tests

A

A

59
Q

TQ: If people get approximately the same scores on a test and a retest, what if anything can we conclude that about the test’s reliability and validity?
A) Its reliability is high. We do not know about the validity of the test.
B) Its reliability and validity are both high
C) Its validity is high. We do not know about its reliability.
D) We do not know about either reliability or validity

A

A

60
Q

TQ: A measurement of a test’s validity for predicting college will be low under which of these conditions?
A) If the reliability of the test is high
B) If the college admits students with a wide range of scores on the test
C) If the college admits only students with high scores on the test
D) If the test takes more than an hour to administer

A

C

61
Q

TQ: Because measurements of athletic performance have less than perfect reliability, what if anything can we predict about changes in performance over time?
A) Most athletes who are near average at first will improve over time
B) Most athletes who are near average at first will decline over time
C) Most athletes who are at the top will decline over time
D) We can make none of these predictions

A

C

62
Q

TQ: What evidence would demonstrate that a test is biased against some group?
A) Members of that group get lower than average scores on it
B) The authors of the test were all from some other group
C) Members of the group perform worse than the scores predict
D) Members of the group perform better than the scores predict

A

D

63
Q

TQ: The idea of stereotype threat implies that which of the following impairs performance?
A) Lack of familiarity with content of the test
B) Poor health and nutrition
C) Other people’s low expectations of your success
D) Your parent’s lack of education

A

C

Psychological Science (13 decks)

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