Chapter 13 Flashcards
1
Q
CC: In what way is Kohlberg’s approach an advance, and in what way is it limited?
A
What was an advance was how he called to attention that moral reasoning was a specific process not just a set of rules. Meanwhile, he ignored the emotional and cultural influences on moral reasoning
2
Q
What is the definition of social psychology?
A
How people’s behaviors, can affect each other when they are in group settings.
3
Q
What is altruistic behavior?
A
Helping someone without expecting or receiving any direct benefits
4
Q
What is the prisoner’s dilemma?
A
It is the debate between choosing a cooperative act and a competitive act that befits themselves at the cost of hurting others
5
Q
CC: You read about two explanations for altruistic behavior. Why do both of them require the ability to recognize one person from the other?
A
The first explanation is that cooperating builds a reputation of which requires people to recognize one another. Meanwhile, the second explanation is that people who fail to cooperate will punish those who did not. And in order to retaliate you need to know who the other person is.
6
Q
What is bystander apathy?
A
It when bystanders fail to take action because they know that their are other people who are witnessing the scene and assume that they are going to do or are doing something to help
7
Q
What is the diffusion of responsibility?
A
It is when bystanders feel less responsibility to take action because everyone else who is a witness could also step in
8
Q
What is pluralistic ignorance?
A
It is when you assume someone has a better-informed opinion on the situation than yourself
9
Q
What does social loafing mean?
A
People tend to work less hard when they know other people are working on it too
10
Q
CC: In a typical family, one or two members have jobs, but their wages benefit all. Why do wage earners do not engage in social loafing.
A
The main reason is because wage earners work to make a contribution because those in the household who cannot (children, retired, injured) cannot. Also because others can easily observe their contributions.
11
Q
What is the frustration-anger hypothesis?
A
It states that our anger stems from frustration of an obstacle preventing us from doing what we want to
12
Q
CC: One proposal to reduce violence in the United States is to prevent mentally ill people from buying guns. How effective would that act be probably?
A
It would not be that effective because there is not a significant correlation between those with mental illness and committing crimes. The larger issue with those who are mentally ill is that they are more violent or aggressive with alcohol or drug use
13
Q
What does deindividualization mean?
A
seeing others as anonymous or with no personality
14
Q
What does dehumanization mean?
A
seeing someone as less than human
15
Q
What is social neuroscience?
A
it is using measurements of the brain as a insight to the reasonings behind our social behavior
16
Q
TQ: What aspect of moral reasoning did Lawernce Kohlberg overlook or understate?
A) stages
B) development
C) logical thinking
D) emotional reactions
A
D
17
Q
TQ: The principles of operant conditioning have trouble explaining which of the following?
A) Aggressive behavior
B) Altruistic behavior
C) Social loafing
D) Bystander apathy
A
B
18
Q
TQ: What happens in real life that leads to more cooperation than in a single trial of the prisoner’s dilemma?
A) People compete for benefits
B) People seek to enhance their reputation
C) People avoid expending extra effort
D) People understand the payoff matrix
A
B
19
Q
TQ: Diffusion of responsibility is a plausible explanation for which of the following?
A) Altruism
B) Intergroup aggressive behavior
C) Low self-esteem
D) Bystander apathy
A
D
20
Q
TQ: Under what circumstance, if any, does mental illness increase the probability of violent behavior?
A) Under all circumstances
B) If the person abuses alcohol or drugs
C) If the person does not receive therapy
D) Under no circumstances
A
B
21
Q
TQ: How does deindividualization and dehumanization increase aggressive behavior?
A) They increase the perpetrators sense of righteousness
B) They make the victim seem less worthy
C) The decrease the perpetrators self esteem
D) They impair memory
A
B
22
Q
What is social perception and cognition?
A
The process of learning about others and making inferences from that information
23
Q
How can the primacy effect apply to social psychology?
A
Our first impression of someone has larger impact on our perception of them compared to what we learn about them later
24
Q
What are self-fulfilling prophecies?
A
They are things that you believe to become will eventually become true because you believe it
25
CC: How might self-fulfilling prophecies increase prejudice?
It could increase prejudice by treating members of minority groups unfairly in turn making them more likely to get frustrated with it and reaffirm negative stereotypes increasing prejudice
26
What is a stereotype?
A belief or expectation about a group of people
27
What is prejudice?
an unfavorable attitude towards a group of people
28
What is discrimination?
Unequal treatment of different groups
29
What does the implicit association test (IAT) seek to find?
Prejudices that people have but don't openly admit
30
CC: Does the IAT test measure prejudices that people don't want to admit to themselves or to others?
To others, in most cases they are aware of their own prejudices and don't want to admit to them
31
What does multiculturalism mean?
It means accepting, enjoying, and recognizing everyone's differences and being open to everyone's unique perspectives
32
CC: Why are training sessions to decrease racism or sexism often ineffective?
Training sessions are usually designed to teach people to ignore each other's differences which usually backfires. A better approach would be to teach multiculturalism
33
What is internal attribution?
It's explanations for someone's behavior based on their abilities or personality
34
What is external attribution?
It's explanations for someone's behavior based on the situation or circumstances that would affect almost anyone
35
What is consensus information?
It is how someone's behavior compares to those around them
36
What is consistency information?
How someone's behavior varies from time to time
37
What is distinctiveness?
How someone's behavior varies from one situation to another
38
CC: Why are you more likely to make internal attributions to someone form a different culture?
Because you are more likely to be surprised by the behavior of someone from another culture. When someone's behavior is surprising you are more likely to use internal attribution.
39
CC: Juanita returns from watching a movie and says it was excellent. But most people did not like it. Will you make a internal or external attribution for her opinion? Why (distinctiveness, consensus, or consistency)?
You will probably make an internal attribution because of consensus information. When someone's behavior is different from others we tend to make an internal attribution.
40
What is the actor-observer effect?
It is people's tendency to make internal attributions for people that they don't know compared to when you do something that you would judge someone else for you explain the reasoning behind it
41
What is the fundamental attribution error?
How we are more likely to make internal attributions for behavior for other people's behaviors even when there are external attributes that are apparent
42
CC: Instead of watching someone, close your eyes and imagine yourself in that person's position, will you be more likely to explain the behavior with internal or external attributes? Why?
External attributes because we tend to use external attributes to explain our own behavior more than we do for others
43
CC: How would the fundamental attribution error affects people's opinions of actors and actresses who play doctors?
People tend to guess that because of how their characters are portrayed that they are medically knowledgeable
44
What are self-serving biases?
Attributions that we can adopt when talking about ourselves is usually done with the goal of maximizing credit for success and minimizing credit for failures or mistakes
45
What is a self-handicapping strategy?
It is when people try to intentionally put themselves at an disadvantage to excuse themselves from poor behavior or performance
46
TQ: What does the implicit association test (IAT) measure?
A) Reaction times
B) Percent correct
C) Brain activity
D) Word usage
A
47
TQ: What is known about the implicit attitudes that IAT measures?
A) They are easy to modify
B) They correlate with behavior, but not strongly
C) People are not conscious of them
D) They almost perfectly match the attitudes that people state explicitly
B
48
TQ: What is the primary objection to Sherif's "robber's cave"?
A) The results apply to boys and not girls
B) Sherif manipulated the situation to achieve the desired outcome
C) Studies in other cultures failed to replicate the results
D) Several participants suffered psychological damage from the study
B
49
TQ: Many people dislike the goal of "treating everyone the same" for what reason?
A) It implies that everyone should act the same
B) It contradicts the law in several states
C) It allows too much freedom to express group differences
D) it relies too heavily on attribution theory
A
50
TQ: Which of the following is an example of external attribution?
A) She contributed to the charity because she is generous
B) She contributed to the charity to impress her boss who is watching
C) She contributed to the charity because she formed the habit
D) She contributed to the charity because of a pattern of brain activity
B
51
TQ: Of the following, which type of people are most likely to rely on externa (situational) attributions?
A) Asians
B) Teenagers
C) Uneducated people
D) Liberian's
A
52
TQ: If you watch a movie of your own behavior, you give an internal attribution of more often than you act normally. Why?
A) Actor-observer effect
B) Primacy effect
C) Self-handicapping strategy
D) Self-fulfilling prophecy
A
53
TQ: According to the text, why do people sometimes do something that they know will harm their performance?
A) To conform to what they observe in others
B) To make a successful performance more impressive
C) To support an internal attribution for failure
D) To support external attribution for failure
D
54
What is attitude?
A like or dislike that guides behavior
55
CC: Suppose someone expresses a positive attitude on a Likert scale but you suspect the other person has a really negative attitude. Which method from an earlier module from this chapter might confirm your suspicion?
It's similar to how implicit association test measures attitudes that people don't openly express
56
What is cognitive dissonance?
It is the tension people experience when they are holding contradicting attitudes or behaviors from their beliefs
57
CC: The soldiers who got injured in battle tend to think that the battle did something good even if it ended in defeat. Why?
Since they made a major sacrifice to the battle, they don't want to think it's for nothing so they say is was useful to prevent cognitive dissidence
58
What does peripheral route to persuasion mean?
It's when you form an attitude towards something based on emotions ex you liked the new route you went on for a run and are eager to do it again
59
What is the central route to persuasion?
It's when you need to commit time, effort, logic, and reasoning before coming to a conclusion ex buying a house or choosing a school to attend
60
CC: Is the peripheral route more like cognitive psychologists type 1 or type 2 thinking?
It is more like type 1 thinking since it relies more on emotions rather than evidence
61
CC: Suppose a well-dressed, attractive, articulate speaker presents a long list of why college should require all seniors to take a comprehensive examination. Will this speech be more effective if the speaker is talking about your college or some other college? Why?
It will be more effective it is about another college because if it not pertinent to the school. Then people can take more of the central route of persuasion to reach a conclusion. (aka the logic based route)
62
What is the foot-in-the-door technique for persuasion?
It is when you are first asked of something small and then builds up to the big request or what the person actually wants
63
What is the bait-and-switch technique for persuasion?
This is when you are approached with an favorable deal and then get additional demands added to the initial request
64
What is the that's not all technique of persuasion?
This is when an offer is made and improved before you have a chance to respond
65
CC: Identify each of the following as an example of reciprocation, the contrast effect, the foot-in-the door technique, the bait-and-switch technique, or the that's-not-all technique.
a. A credit card company offers you a card with a low introductory rate. After a few months the interest on your balance doubles
b. A store marks its price as 25% off and then scratches them out and marks 50% off
c. A friend asks you to help carry some supplies over to the elementary school for the after school tutoring program. When you get there the principal says that one of the tutors is late and you end up tutoring for the afternoon. Then the principal talks you into coming back every week afterwards.
a. bait-and-switch
b. that's not all
c. the foot-in-the-door technique
66
What are nudges?
acts that are done to encourage beneficial actions ex. signing everyone up for influenza vaccines and they have to manually opt out if they don't want to do it
67
What is the sleeper effect?
it's when someone is eventually persuaded after they rejected the initial message some time ago
68
CC: When does forgetting increase persuasion?
It is increased when people disagreed with the source and for that reason rejected the message. So with source amnesia if they forget the source but remember the information, they could be more likely to be persuaded
69
What does the forewarning effect mean?
It means that when someone is warned ahead of time that they are going to be persuaded by someone or something that they are more likely to not be persuaded by it
70
What is the inoculation effect?
People are more likely to refuse a stronger argument if they hear a weaker one arguing the same point first
71
TQ: What does cognitive dissonance produce?
A) A change of attitude
B) An undesirable behavior
C) Boredom
D) Disagreement with attitude and behavior
D
72
TQ: Which of these situations of the central route to persuasion?
A) Buying something because of the bait-switch technique
B) Copying the preferences of someone who endorses a product
C) Reading consumer reports evaluations of a product
D) Preferring the product with the most colorful package
C
73
TQ: A company withholds a small part of each paycheck to apply to a retirement account, unless someone opts out. What is this procedure called?
A) A sleeper effect
B) A nudge
C) A contrast effect
D) Active participation
B
74
TQ: Suppose you want to persuade people to buy some product. Which of the following statements would probably be the most persuasive?
A) Most of the people who have bought this product like it
B) Most people have bought this product this year than last year
C) Ten other people that I have talked to today have bought this product
D) Ten neighbors on your street have bought this product
D
75
TQ: When are fear messages LEAST persuasive?
A) When they describe extreme danger
B) When they imply that other people are already taking this action
C) When they suggest what would be an effective action
D) When they are stated by a person similar to yourself
A
76
TQ: A friend asks you to drive him to the mall. When you get there, he asks weather you could wait while he shops and then drive him home. Which of these persuasion techniques did he use?
A) Foot-in-the-door technique
B) Contrast effect
C) that's-not-all technique
D) reciprocation
A
77
TQ: What is the main objection to coercive methods of persuading a suspect to confess?
A) They require substantial effort and sometimes expensive equipment
B) They produce confessions that are not admissible in court
C) They might make an innocent person confess
D) They create a adversarial relationship between suspect and the police
C
78
What is the mere exposure effect?
Coming into contact with someone or something increases how much we like that object or person
79
What does the equity theory mean?
Describes that a friendship or romantic relationship is an exchange of goods and services
80
CC: According to evolutionary theory, attractiveness is a sign of good health. Why would it difficult for an unhealthy person to produce "counterfeit" attractiveness?
Because similarly to the bird example, it takes a lot of extra energy to produce "attractive" features
81
What is passionate love?
Love marked by sexual desire and excitement
82
What can passionate love lead to?
It can lead to companionate love or long lasting love
83
What is companionate love?
Love that is based on sharing, caring, and protecting one another
84
CC: What is the best predictor of long-term success of a marriage?
Consistent displays of affection and absence of yelling or aggression when arguments do occur
85
TQ: According to equity theory, a social relationship is similar to what?
A) A high-stakes gamble
B) A business deal
C) An advice column
D) A visit to another country
A
86
TQ: According evolutionary theory, why is normal, average appearance considered attractive?
A) It avoids cognitive dissonance
B) It puts less strain on the eyes
C) It suggests similarity to yourself
D) It implies good genetics
D
87
TQ: Relationships work if partners are similar. Of the following, which type of similarity is LEAST important?
A) Similarity of education
B) Similarity of personality
C) Similarity of religious and political beliefs
D) Similarity of interests and activities
B
88
TQ: Which of the following is the WORST advice?
A) When you are angry with your partner express it fully
B) Watch nonverbal body language when evaluating a relationship
C) Consider using an Internet dating site
D) Perfer a mate whose appearance is normal in most regards
A
89
TQ: What is meant by 'companionate' love?
A) Sexual desire and excitement
B) Weak, temporary attachment
C) Sharing, care, and protection
D) A relationship between people who never met in person
C
90
What does conformity mean?
Chaning your behavior or actions to match those around you
91
What did the Asch experiment do?
It set out to see if participants would give the same wrong answer that those around them gave to see how far conformity would go
92
What did the Asch experiment conclude?
It concluded that most people do go along with the answers that the rest of the group made
93
CC: If your opinion is outnumbered, how does the size of the group make a difference?
Being outnumbered just 3 to 1 will make someone just as likely to conform as a group of 7. However having a significantly large group 10+ makes the person less likely to conform due to anonymity. Just as having one ally will make people less likely to conform.
94
CC: How do the reasons for conformity differ in the US from those in Asia?
Americans conform to avoid embarrassing themselves while Asians conform to avoid embarrassing others.
95
What happened in the Stanford Prison experiment?
Students were randomly assigned roles of Prison guards and prisoners to see how conformity to their roles and authority would occur
96
What can be sort of concluded from the Stanford prison experiment?
That when placed in positions of power people tend to abuse it
97
What did the Milgram experiment set out to do?
See if people would harm each other because they were listening to authority figures
98
What was concluded from the Milgram experiment?
That yes people can and will harm each other because they are doing so under the orders of authority figures
99
What does informed consent mean?
it is a requirement in psychological studies for participants to be informed about what is going to happen and be given the option to opt out whenever they want
100
CC: In what way did obedience in Milgram's experiment replicate the foot in the door procedure? What about skinner's shaping procedure?
It replicated the foot-in-the-door procedure by having the participants start off by giving smaller shocks to the "learners". Which is similar to Skinner's in the sense that it started with an easier task and then build up to a harder one
101
What does group polarization mean?
It means that if most people in the group have the same opinion on a subject, then the discussion will nudge the whole group further in that direction
102
CC: How would group polarization affect a jury?
If most people in jury believe that the person is innocent or guilty, then further discussion will only make them become more steadfast in their stance on the topic
103
What does groupthink mean?
It means that members of a group will suppress their own opinions for fear of speaking out against the majority
104
TQ: When were people LEAST likely to conform in Asch's study?
A) If they had to speak their own opinion publicly
B) If they were sure their own opinion was correct
C) If they had one ally
D) If the majority of the group only had 3 members
C
105
TQ: Conformity tends to greatest in which cultures and why?
A) In collectivist cultures, because people do not want to embarrass others
B) In collectivist cultures, because people do not want to embarrass themselves
C) In individualistic cultures, because people do not want to embarrass others
D) In individualistic cultures, because people do not want to embarrass themselves
A
106
TQ: Which of these criticisms applies to Zimbardo's prison study?
A) The effect was too small to be statistically significant.
B) Participants were not randomly assigned to the groups
C) Later studies failed to replicate these results
D) The participants were influenced by demand characteristics
D
107
TQ: Which type of participants did Milgram use in his obedience study?
A) College students
B) A miscellaneous group adults
C) A representative sample of several cultures
D) People with a previous history of antisocial behavior
B
108
TQ: How did recent replications differ from Milgram's original study?
A) The teacher watched the learner
B) The learner complained about his heart and demanded to quit
C) The research occurred in countries that do not demand ethical research
D) The procedure stopped after 150 volts
D
109
TQ: Under what circumstance does group polarization occur?
A) If people express their opinions anonymously
B) If no one in the group have sharp disagreements at the start
C) If members of the group have different opinions at the start
D) If members of the group share similar opinions at the start
D
