Chapter 13 Flashcards
CC: In what way is Kohlberg’s approach an advance, and in what way is it limited?
What was an advance was how he called to attention that moral reasoning was a specific process not just a set of rules. Meanwhile, he ignored the emotional and cultural influences on moral reasoning
What is the definition of social psychology?
How people’s behaviors, can affect each other when they are in group settings.
What is altruistic behavior?
Helping someone without expecting or receiving any direct benefits
What is the prisoner’s dilemma?
It is the debate between choosing a cooperative act and a competitive act that befits themselves at the cost of hurting others
CC: You read about two explanations for altruistic behavior. Why do both of them require the ability to recognize one person from the other?
The first explanation is that cooperating builds a reputation of which requires people to recognize one another. Meanwhile, the second explanation is that people who fail to cooperate will punish those who did not. And in order to retaliate you need to know who the other person is.
What is bystander apathy?
It when bystanders fail to take action because they know that their are other people who are witnessing the scene and assume that they are going to do or are doing something to help
What is the diffusion of responsibility?
It is when bystanders feel less responsibility to take action because everyone else who is a witness could also step in
What is pluralistic ignorance?
It is when you assume someone has a better-informed opinion on the situation than yourself
What does social loafing mean?
People tend to work less hard when they know other people are working on it too
CC: In a typical family, one or two members have jobs, but their wages benefit all. Why do wage earners do not engage in social loafing.
The main reason is because wage earners work to make a contribution because those in the household who cannot (children, retired, injured) cannot. Also because others can easily observe their contributions.
What is the frustration-anger hypothesis?
It states that our anger stems from frustration of an obstacle preventing us from doing what we want to
CC: One proposal to reduce violence in the United States is to prevent mentally ill people from buying guns. How effective would that act be probably?
It would not be that effective because there is not a significant correlation between those with mental illness and committing crimes. The larger issue with those who are mentally ill is that they are more violent or aggressive with alcohol or drug use
What does deindividualization mean?
seeing others as anonymous or with no personality
What does dehumanization mean?
seeing someone as less than human
What is social neuroscience?
it is using measurements of the brain as a insight to the reasonings behind our social behavior
TQ: What aspect of moral reasoning did Lawernce Kohlberg overlook or understate?
A) stages
B) development
C) logical thinking
D) emotional reactions
D
TQ: The principles of operant conditioning have trouble explaining which of the following?
A) Aggressive behavior
B) Altruistic behavior
C) Social loafing
D) Bystander apathy
B
TQ: What happens in real life that leads to more cooperation than in a single trial of the prisoner’s dilemma?
A) People compete for benefits
B) People seek to enhance their reputation
C) People avoid expending extra effort
D) People understand the payoff matrix
B
TQ: Diffusion of responsibility is a plausible explanation for which of the following?
A) Altruism
B) Intergroup aggressive behavior
C) Low self-esteem
D) Bystander apathy
D
TQ: Under what circumstance, if any, does mental illness increase the probability of violent behavior?
A) Under all circumstances
B) If the person abuses alcohol or drugs
C) If the person does not receive therapy
D) Under no circumstances
B
TQ: How does deindividualization and dehumanization increase aggressive behavior?
A) They increase the perpetrators sense of righteousness
B) They make the victim seem less worthy
C) The decrease the perpetrators self esteem
D) They impair memory
B
What is social perception and cognition?
The process of learning about others and making inferences from that information
How can the primacy effect apply to social psychology?
Our first impression of someone has larger impact on our perception of them compared to what we learn about them later
What are self-fulfilling prophecies?
They are things that you believe to become will eventually become true because you believe it
CC: How might self-fulfilling prophecies increase prejudice?
It could increase prejudice by treating members of minority groups unfairly in turn making them more likely to get frustrated with it and reaffirm negative stereotypes increasing prejudice
What is a stereotype?
A belief or expectation about a group of people
What is prejudice?
an unfavorable attitude towards a group of people
What is discrimination?
Unequal treatment of different groups
What does the implicit association test (IAT) seek to find?
Prejudices that people have but don’t openly admit
CC: Does the IAT test measure prejudices that people don’t want to admit to themselves or to others?
To others, in most cases they are aware of their own prejudices and don’t want to admit to them
What does multiculturalism mean?
It means accepting, enjoying, and recognizing everyone’s differences and being open to everyone’s unique perspectives
CC: Why are training sessions to decrease racism or sexism often ineffective?
Training sessions are usually designed to teach people to ignore each other’s differences which usually backfires. A better approach would be to teach multiculturalism
What is internal attribution?
It’s explanations for someone’s behavior based on their abilities or personality
What is external attribution?
It’s explanations for someone’s behavior based on the situation or circumstances that would affect almost anyone
What is consensus information?
It is how someone’s behavior compares to those around them
What is consistency information?
How someone’s behavior varies from time to time
What is distinctiveness?
How someone’s behavior varies from one situation to another
CC: Why are you more likely to make internal attributions to someone form a different culture?
Because you are more likely to be surprised by the behavior of someone from another culture. When someone’s behavior is surprising you are more likely to use internal attribution.
CC: Juanita returns from watching a movie and says it was excellent. But most people did not like it. Will you make a internal or external attribution for her opinion? Why (distinctiveness, consensus, or consistency)?
You will probably make an internal attribution because of consensus information. When someone’s behavior is different from others we tend to make an internal attribution.
What is the actor-observer effect?
It is people’s tendency to make internal attributions for people that they don’t know compared to when you do something that you would judge someone else for you explain the reasoning behind it
What is the fundamental attribution error?
How we are more likely to make internal attributions for behavior for other people’s behaviors even when there are external attributes that are apparent
CC: Instead of watching someone, close your eyes and imagine yourself in that person’s position, will you be more likely to explain the behavior with internal or external attributes? Why?
External attributes because we tend to use external attributes to explain our own behavior more than we do for others
CC: How would the fundamental attribution error affects people’s opinions of actors and actresses who play doctors?
People tend to guess that because of how their characters are portrayed that they are medically knowledgeable
