Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychological Science > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

How is consciousness defined?

A

the subjective experience of perceiving oneself and their surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you know if a person is conscious or not?

A

If a person notices/reacts to the stimulus around them or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does masking mean?

A

It is when a stimulus is presented for a short amount of time that was preceded by or is followed by an interfering stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does backwards masking mean?

A

It is when the interfering stimulus is followed by the initial stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is it called when stimuluses are presented in short flashes?

A

Flash suppression because you lose sight of another stimulus like a yellow dot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an attentional blink?

A

It is when you didn’t get a chance to process the second stimulus when it appeared for a short time after identifying the previous one.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is binocular rivalry?

A

It is when your vision alternates between what you are seeing in each eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Can you be mildly conscious of something?

A

No, you either are conscious of it or you are not which is known as the “All or Nothing Phenomenon”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CC: Why is the study of consciousness more acceptable to researchers of today than in the past?

A

They wanted to measure brain activity and see under what conditions they could present a stimulus and have someone be unaware of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CC: What do people perceive during binocular rivalry?

A

Peoples vision alternates every few seconds between what is being viewed in each eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CC: The ambiguous sound that could either be “tent” or “dent” will sound one way or another based on if your in the woods or in a car. What does this tell us about consciousness?

A

You are not always conscious of a stimulus as soon as it happens. So you construct or infer based on context.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does brain death mean?

A

That the brain shows no activity and recovery is not possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the brain activity of someone with a coma?

A

The brain shows a consistent but a low level of activity and cannot respond to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes someone to be in a coma?

A

Traumatic brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If someone does emerge from a coma what state are they in?

A

A vegetative state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of someone in a vegetative state?

A

they have a limited level of responsiveness like a increased HR in response to pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the following state from a vegetative state?

A

Minimally conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the characteristics of a minimally conscious state?

A

People can have brief windows of time with of speech and speech comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does readiness potential mean?

A

When there is an increase in motor activity in anticipation of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CC: What was the order of these events, the conscious decision to move, brain activity relevant to movement, and the movement itself?

A

Brain activity relevant to movement, the conscious decision, and the movement itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CC: How do self-initiated movements differ from movements in response to a signal?

A

Self-initiated movements take longer to happen and takes place in the Basal Ganglia. Compared to responsive movements which occur faster.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

TQ: At what point does the response to a visual stimulus begin to differ in times when it becomes conscious and times when it does not?
A) In the receptors of the eye
B) During transmission from the eye to the brain
C) As soon as the information reaches the visual cortex
D) After initial processing in the visual cortex

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

TQ: What is meant by ‘attentional blink’?
A) Attention span has a maximum duration that varies among people
B) You tend to shift attention between one eye and the other
C) Pay attention to one event causes you to ignore a slightly later event
D) You do not notice the changes that occur while blinking your eyes

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

TQ: What evidence suggests that consciousness is an all or none process?
A) You are as likely to attend to something unimportant as something important
B) Many messages from the eyes stop before they reach the brain
C) Brain response either spread widely to the brain or they don’t
D) Perception of ambiguous stimulus can vary widely depending on the context

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

TQ: At any given moment, what do you see during binocular rivalry?
A) You see stimuli in both eyes
B) You see the stimulus in one eye or another
C) You see something that is compromise between the two stimuli
D) You see flashing lights

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

TQ: The interference of a woman in a vegetative state might be conscious depended on what type of state?
A) Her hand movements
B) The sounds that she made
C) Measurements of brain activity
D) Slow movements of her eyes

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

TQ: In Libet’s experiment, in which people reported the time of the decision to flex the wrist, why were the results shown in philosophical questions?
A) The results implied heredity and environment are equally important for controlling behavior
B) The results implied that the mind is separate from the body
C) The results implied conscious decisions do not control behavior
D) The results implied that human behavior depends on the same influences as the animal kingdom

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

TQ: Why is it difficult to report the time of a decision for a self-initiated movement?
A) The decision to move is a gradual process
B) Doing the movement interferes with vision
C) People prefer not to talk about their private experiences
D) Moving one hand interferes with the movement of the other hand

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How is Circadian rhythm defined?

A

as the rhythm of activity and inactivity that lasts throughout the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is characterized by a 23-hour circadian rhythm cycle?

A

Someone who gets tired earlier in the evening and wakes up earlier in the morning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What biological functions are affected by the circadian rhythm?

A

hunger, thirst, urine production, blood pressure, alertness, and body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

CC: If you were on a submarine with only artificial light that was the same at all times what would happen to your circadian rhythm?

A

You would continue a 24-hour sleep-wake rhythm, but it would probably drift out of time with the submarines clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

CC: What might an evening person do to improve their morning alertness?

A

To find classes or a job that allows you to start later in the morning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How can jet lag be defined?

A

It can be defined as a period of adjustment when your body’s internal clock is different from that of your new surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

CC: What does jet lag tell us about the sleep problems of a newborn baby?

A

A newborn is adjusting to a new time zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What part of the brain controls the circadian rhythms?

A

the superchiasmatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What happens if the superchiasmatic nucleus is damaged?

A

then the persons sleep-wake cycle becomes unpredictable

38
Q

CC: Suppose two people become blind, one because of damage to the eyes and the other because of damage to the visual cortex. Which one if either of them will have synchronize with the sunlight?

A

Someone with damage to the eyes will not be able to synchronize to sunlight, but someone with damage to the visual cortex can because the output does not go the visual cortex but to the superchiasmatic nucleus.

39
Q

Do predators or prey sleep for longer?

A

Predators because they are less likely to get attacked while they sleep

40
Q

How does sleeping conserve energy?

A

It does so by reducing movement, brain activity and lowering body temperature

41
Q

How does a lack of sleep affect humans?

A

It will reduce attention span, make someone more likely to cause car crashes, and make someone more prone to depression

42
Q

How does a good night of sleep affect someone’s learning.

A

It can improve what they learned the day before and better prepare them for the next day of learning too

43
Q

CC: Under what circumstances do animals change their need for sleep?

A

Migratory birds will alter their patterns of sleep during migration. Mother and infant whales and dolphins sleep a small amount because they need to come to the surface to breathe

44
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A

Rapid eye movement occurs when someone’s eyes are closed

45
Q

When do dreams occur during sleep?

A

They can occur during REM or nREM sleep but REM is more common

46
Q

What is an electroencephalograph (EEG)?

A

Measures tiny electrical charges though small electrodes that attach to the scalp to measure brain activity.

47
Q

What is a polysomnograph?

A

A measure of sleep by combining an EEG with eye movements while someone is asleep

48
Q

What happens in stage 1 of sleep?

A

-Eyes barely move
-Short waves show a moderate amount of brain activity

49
Q

What happens in stage 2 of sleep?

A

-Sleep spindles occur which is when waves of brain activity occur at about 12-14 per second (which is important for memory storage)
-pulse and breathing slow down

50
Q

What happens in stage 3/ 4 of sleep?

A
  • pulse and breathing reach their lowest levels
    -waves become larger indicating low activity
51
Q

What happens in REM sleep?

A
  • more eye movement
    -higher brain activity
52
Q

CC: Which stage of sleep is the brain most active? When are the muscles least active? What are the benefits of this pattern?

A

The brain is most active during REM sleep and muscles are the least active during this period. Which helps to make sure that while the person is not present to their surroundings, but their brain is active that they cannot move.

53
Q

What is the best definition of insomnia?

A

Consistently not getting enough sleep to feel fully energized for the following day

54
Q

What can attribute to insomnia?

A

Alcohol use (which for some is used as self-medication for insomnia). Noise, anxiety, depression, uncomfortable temperatures, use of caffeine or other substances.

55
Q

What does sleep apnea mean?

A

It is when someone fails to breathe for more than a minute while sleeping which causes them to wake up gasping for air

56
Q

How much time does someone with sleep apnea actually sleep?

A

About half of the time, they’re in bed. ex “sleeping” for 8 hours but the person in that case really slept for four hours

57
Q

Who is the common demographic for sleep apnea?

A

Obese middle-aged men whose breathing passages are blocked as a result of their weight

58
Q

What is narcolepsy caused by?

A

it is caused by a lack of orexin which is a neurotransmitter helps us maintain long periods of wakefulness

59
Q

How does narcolepsy affect someone’s sleeping patterns?

A

The person is affected by sudden waves of sleep attacks

60
Q

What is periodic limb disorder?

A

It is when someone’s legs and sometimes their arms will move during their sleep and wake them up

61
Q

Who is primarily affected by periodic limb disorder?

A

Those over the age of 50

62
Q

What is a night terror?

A

It is not a nightmare and it occurs during the slow wave sleep. The person usually wakes up with a high heart rate, screaming, and sweating

63
Q

CC: What experiences reflect that some parts of the brain are awake while others are asleep?

A

Sleepwalking, Sleep paralysis and lucid dreaming

64
Q

CC: How do dreams resemble waking experience and how do they differ?

A

Dreams incorporate recent experiences, but mostly ones that stand out. Adults dreams are more often unpleasant than plesant

65
Q

What is the manifest content of a dream?

A

The content that appears on the surface of the dream

66
Q

What is the latent content of a dream?

A

The hidden meanings behind the content of the actual dream

66
Q

What does the activation synthesis theory of dreams say about how they occur?

A

It says that the cortex takes what occurs in REM sleep and whatever stimuli is affecting the organs to try to make sense of what is happening. Ex someone needing to use the bathroom in their dream wakes up and needs to go to the bathroom

67
Q

CC: Does Freud’s dream theory make any testable predictions?

A

No because all of it is not testable or sensical

68
Q

What does the neurocognitive theory of dreaming say about thinking?

A

It says that dreaming is part of brains activity like daydreaming or wandering off topic during the day

69
Q

TQ: If someone remains awake nonstop for 3 days, what happens to alertness?
A) It decreases at a steady rate
B) It decreases for a day and then remains constant
C) It remains constant until day 3
D) It rises and falls on a 24-hour schedule while decreasing over the course of the 3 days

A

D

70
Q

TQ: Who are most likely to be morning people?
A) Young adults
B) Old adults
C) Atheletes
D) Musicians

A

B

71
Q

TQ: Why does the circadian rhythm continue even in an unchanging environment?
A) It is a habit learned in childhood
B) A brain area generates it
C) The earth’s magnetic field generates it
D) the heart generates it

A

B

72
Q

TQ: What happens during sleep to improve memory?
A) Synapses appropriate to a memory become stronger
B) Synapses inappropriate to a memory become weaker
C) Metabolic rate in the brain increases
D) Long-distance axons in the brain increase their conduction velocity

A

B

73
Q

TQ: The sleep spindles of stage 2 are important for what?
A) Emotional regulation
B) Increased metabolic rate
C) Memory storage
D) Formation of dreams

A

C

74
Q

TQ: What do the long waves of brain activity during slow-wave sleep indicate?
A) Increased brain activity
B) Synchrony among neurons
C) Increased amplitude and velocity of action potentials
D) Muscle activity

A

B

75
Q

TQ: Which of the following increases sleep apnea?
A) Prolong exercise
B) Drinking beverages with caffeine
C) A loss of neurons containing orexin
D) Being overweight

A

D

76
Q

TQ: If you awaken but cannot move your arms or legs, what is the probable reason?
A) You did not breathe enough while sleeping
B) Not all parts of your brain awakened at once
C) Your heart rate is not yet high enough for muscle movement
D) You are in the early stages of mental illness

A

B

77
Q

TQ: Freud said that dreams are based on wish fulfillment. What is the evidence either for or against his view?
A) Evidence for: Freuds interpretations consistently helped his patients
B) Evidence for: Dreams originate in the prefrontal cortex
C) Evidence against: most dreams are unpleasant for adults
D) Evidence against: Most dreams repeat the most boring parts of the day

A

C

78
Q

TQ: The neurocognitive theory compares dreams to what?
A) Mind wandering and day dreaming
B) Hypnosis
C) Repressed thoughts and memories
D) meditation

A

A

79
Q

How do you define hypnosis?

A

It is the focused attention of and increased suggestibility of hypnotist-subject relationship

80
Q

How is hypnosis used in the medical field?

A

It is used to alleviate pain for dental and sometimes medical surgeries. It is often used for those to have negative reactions to anesthetic drugs or who have built up a tolerance to pain killing opioids.

81
Q

What is the posthypnotic suggestion?

A

It is when someone is given a suggestion when coming out of hypnosis ex, being told to see 1 as red and 2 as yellow someone will see it like this until they hypnotist cancels it

82
Q

CC: What evidence says that hypnosis does not improve memory?

A

The fact that under hypnosis people are only more likely to report information that they were unsure on the accuracy of. Which does not show any improvement in memory.

83
Q

CC: Why is it hard to say whether hypnotized people will do anything they refuse to do otherwise?

A

In experiments both hypnotized and non-hypnotized people did strange things

84
Q

How is meditation defined?

A

A systematic procedure for helping put someone in a calmer, more relaxed state of mind

85
Q

What are some proven benefits of meditation?

A

Increasing relaxation, decreasing pain, anxiety, and depression

86
Q

CC: What evidence shows that deja vu does not always indicate that an experience is familiar?

A

Brain scans on an epileptic man shows that the sensation of Deja vu was correlated to abnormal activity in the temporal lobe which is responsible for brain activity.

87
Q

TQ: Which of the following can hypnosis accomplish?
A) It can decrease pain
B) It can improve memory
C) It can give people superhuman strength
D) It can help people recall a previous experience life

A

A

88
Q

TQ: Why does the medical profession recommend that courts of law refuse to admit testimony that was elicited under hypnosis?
A) Anything revealed under hypnosis is protected by physician-client privilege
B) Most new information elicited by hypnosis is incorrect
C) Relying on hypnosis would distract investigators from other approaches
D) Most witnesses cannot be successfully hypnotized

A

2

89
Q

TQ: A researcher asked people, some hypnotized, and some not, to do dangerous acts. What happened?
A) Some of the hypnotized people performed the acts but other refused
B) Only non-hypnotized people performed the acts
C) Everyone in both groups refused
D) Many people in both groups performed the acts

A

D

90
Q

TQ: An investigator aske a hypnotist to determine which people where hypnotized and which ones were just pretending. What happened?
A) Really hypnotized people could be identified because they didn’t show a response to pain
B) Really hypnotized people could be identified because they sat down without checking to see if there was a chair behind them
C) Really hypnotized people could be identified, because they showed physiological responses when they were told to feel anger
D) The hypnotist could not distinguish between the two groups

A

D

91
Q

TQ: During a state of mediation, what does a person practice?
A) Concentration on an image or sensation while remaining passive
B) Shifting attention among several activities
C) maintaining a polite conversation
D) Self- criticism

A

A

Psychological Science (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions