Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is a cross-sectional study?
compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same time ex comparing drawings of 6 year olds, 8 year olds, and 10 year olds
What is a longitudinal study?
follows a single group of people as they develop ex studying the same group of kids at ages 6, 8, and 10
What does selective attrition mean?
it is the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study for a multitude of reasons
What is cohort?
a generation- a group of people who were born around the same time and grew up with similar world events
Concept Check : Is selective attrition a problem for cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies, or both?
It’s a problem for both because those conflicts with participating in the study could arise for any reason
Concept Check: At Santa Enigma College, the average first year student has a C-minus average, and the average senior has an average B-plus average. An observer concludes that, as student progress in school and develop study skills. Based on the idea of selective attrition describe another possible solution.
It could also be that students with lower grades dropped out of school or dropped out of the study because they did not want to share their grades.
Concept Check: Suppose in a longitudinal study that as people grow older, they go dancing less often. In cross-sectional study, you find that older people prefer different music from younger people. Which of those differences are likely to represent a cohort effect?
The music taste of each generation because people usually like the type of music that they listened to when they were younger.
What is a zygote?
fertilized egg cell
What is a fetus?
A fertilized egg cell that has grown to reach about 8 weeks following conception
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
It is a syndrome caused by drinking during pregnancy and can result in physical effects such as malformations of the face, or even heart. Can cause seizures, or hallucinations, learning impairments or memory and problem solving.
Concept Check: In what ways are infants prepared to learn about faces?
Newborns tend to focus their attention for the longest on an oval with eyes. When they are really young, they will look at any face but after a while they recognize the faces that they see the most.
What does habituation mean?
decreased response to a repeated stimulus
What does dishabituation mean?
when a change in stimulus that had created a habituated response gets changed to cause a more reactive response
Concept Check: How could we determine whether an infant hears a difference between “fuh” and “vuh”?
By repeating one of the sounds until they become habituated to it and then switch to the other to see if they become dishabituated to it.
Concept Check: How is the development of facial recognition and development of language similar for infants?
Because they are born with the need to recognize differences in both and use those to remember the ones that they need to know. ex family members and the language(s) that are spoken
What is a schema?
An organized way of interacting with objects ex a baby drinking from a bottle
What is assimilation?
applying an old schema to a new one ex. a child sees animals moving and then sees the sun and moon move so the child may assume that they are alive as well
What is accommodation?
its applying an old schmea to fit a new object or problem. ex if a child learns that only living things move on their own and thinks that the sun and moon are alive
What is equilibration?
it is the balance between assimilation and accommodation ex using what you know to solve a math problem until you find one that works
How many major stages are in Piaget’s model for children’s intellectual development?
4
Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage
How old are children in the sensorimotor stage of development?
birth to two years old
How old are children in the preoperational stage?
two to seven years old
How old are children in the concrete operational stage?
seven to twelve years old
How old are children in the formal operational stage?
twelve years and older
What are the abilities of children in the sensorimotor stage?
-they can learn to search for a lost object
- at 6 months they learn that they are separated from their mother (poor differentiation from themselves and others)
- cannot distinguish between objects that are stable vs objects that can move
What are the abilities of children in the pre-operational stage?
-they cannot make true/false logical statements ex penguins have wings like other birds that can fly but they can’t
-don’t understand morally grey ex. three miles over the speed limit is “bad”
-if there are two cups with the same amount of juice but one is smaller and taller that one has “more”
- can only understand their perspective and can’t see from others ex the doll and town scene
What are the characteristics of the formal operational stage?
-can from a hypothesis
- can think about thinking ex. I’m worried about worrying about sleeping
- concerned about beliefs and values
- can reason logically
- not everyone in the world reaches this stage but most do
Concept Check: Which of the following is the clearest example of egocentric thinking?
A) A writer uses someone else’s words without giving credit
B) A manager blames the employees for everything that goes wrong
C) A professor gives a lecture without defining some key terms
C) because egocentric is described as having difficulty recognizing another person’s point of view.
What is the theory of mind?
Understanding that other people have a mind too and as a result everyone knows different things that are not commonly known
What is conservation?
The idea that objects retain their volume, size or length after being altered in the same way. ex a glass of water looking fuller than another of the same amount because of the shape of the glass.
