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General Biology 1 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

In what ways are ligand-receptor complexes similar to enzyme-substrate complex?

A
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2
Q

What are the four types of cell signaling?

A
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3
Q

Define signal transduction pathway

A
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4
Q

What are the three types of membrane receptors?

A
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5
Q

What is a G protein?

A
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6
Q

What is a second messenger?

A
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7
Q

Why are lipid hormones good for relaying signals across long distances?

A
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8
Q

Why does estrogen have a different effect in mammary vs uterine cells?

A
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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of RTKs

A
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10
Q

Ligand

A

signaling molecule that binds to a specific receptor protein

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11
Q

Receptor protein

A
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12
Q

Protein kinase

A

class of enzyme that adds phosphate groups from ATP to proteins

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13
Q

Phosphate is added to a free —OH on one of the three amino acids:

A
  1. Serine
  2. Threonine
  3. Tyrosine
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14
Q

Phosphatases

A

class of enzyme that removes phosphate groups from a protein

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15
Q

Intracellular receptors bind to _______ ligands

A

hydrophobic

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16
Q

__________ receptors bind to hydrophobic ligands

A

Intracellular

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17
Q

Cell-surface/membrane receptors bind to ________ ligands

A

hydrophilic

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18
Q

____________ receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands

A

Cell-surface/membrane

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19
Q

G protein is a protein that binds _____________.

A

guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

20
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are an example of what type of receptor?

A

Intracellular receptor

21
Q

What is the primary function of steroid hormone receptors?

A

regulation of gene expression

22
Q

What are the three functional domains of steroid receptors?

A
  1. Hormone-binding domain
  2. DNA-binding domain
  3. Domain interacts with coactivators to affect level of gene transcription
23
Q

Coactivator

A
24
Q

T or F: Ligands can bind to any receptor

A

F: Specific ligands can only bind its complementary receptor

25
Q

What is an example of direct contact?

A

Gap junctions

26
Q

Example of paracrine signaling

A

Signaling between immune cells

27
Q

What is an example of endocrine signaling

A

Hormones

28
Q

What is an example of synaptic signaling?

A

Neurotransmitter

29
Q

__________ is a primary mechanism for control of proteins

A

Phosphorylation (and dephosphorylation)

30
Q

What is the structure of RTKs?

A

Single transmembrane domain
Extracellular ligand-binding domain
Intracellular kinase domain

31
Q

What molecules can be used as signals in cell signaling?

A

Peptides, large proteins, amino acids, nucleotides, steroids or other lipids, dissolved gases or ions

32
Q

Which types of cell signaling are important in early development?

A

Direct contact and paracrine signaling

33
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Signal releases from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells

34
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Signal molecule released from a cell travels through circulatory system to affect other cells throughout body

35
Q

T or F: only animals use endocrine signaling.

A

F: both animals and plants use this endocrine signaling

36
Q

______ signaling is often signaled by one cell type to a different cell type

A

Endocrine

37
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Nerve cells release the signal, which binds to receptors on nearby cells

38
Q

What makes signal transduction pathways complex?

A

The same pathway can be activated but different receptors or the same signal can activate different cell types/responses

39
Q

How does a coactivator affect mammary tissue?

A

When coactivator is lacking, gene expression is reduced

40
Q

How does a coactivator affect uterine tissue?

A

When coactivator is present, gene expression is turned on

41
Q

Describe the process of G protein coupled receptors

A

Ligand binds to G protein coupled receptor —> activation of receptor —> activates G protein —> activates enzyme

42
Q

Dimerization

A

RTKs are brought closer together

43
Q

Autophosphorylation

A

RTKs phosphorylate each other

44
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that helps maintain a constant blood glucose level

45
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose level?

A

Insulin response protein binds to RTK then binds to other proteins which activates glycogen synthase. This enzyme converts glucose to glycogen

General Biology 1 (13 decks)

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