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General Biology 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotrophs

A
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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A
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3
Q

Cellular respiration

A

metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation

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4
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

chemical reaction involving loss of a hydrogen atom

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5
Q

During __________, loss of electrons is accompanied by loss of protons.

A

Dehydrogenation

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6
Q

Cellular respiration is a series of _____ reactions

A

redox

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7
Q

NAD+ accepts ____ electron(s) and ______ proton(s)

A

2; 1

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8
Q

The reduced form of NAD+ is _________

A

NADH

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9
Q

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ________

A

oxygen

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10
Q

In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ________

A

an inorganic molecule

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11
Q

In fermentation, the final electron acceptor is ________

A

an organic molecule

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12
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate group to ADP

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13
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton (H+) gradient

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14
Q

Why have energy released in multiple small steps?

A

Larger release of energy in a single step = more energy lost as heat, less useable energy

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15
Q

Glycolysis

A

anaerobic breakdown of glucose

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Glycolysis yields two _______ with a net of two _______

A

pyruvate; ATP

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18
Q

T or F: Glycolysis requires oxygen

A

F: Glycolysis does not require oxygen

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19
Q

In glycolysis, _______ is converted into two pyruvate

A

glucose

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20
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is converted into two _________

A

pyruvate

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21
Q

pyruvate is a ____ carbon molecule

A

3

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22
Q

What happens in the first 5 reactions of glycolysis?

A

glucose is converted into two G3P

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23
Q

What happens in the second 5 reactions of glycolysis?

A

G3P is converted into pyruvate

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24
Q

Glycolysis: priming reactions

A

Two high-energy phosphates from two ATP molecules are added to glucose, producing 6-carbon molecule with 2 phosphates

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25
Q

Glycolysis: cleavage

A

6-carbon diphosphate sugar is split into two 3-carbon monophosphate sugars

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26
Q

Hydrolysis of one ATP molecule yields a delta-G of ________ kcal/mol

A

-7.3

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27
Q

What three changes occur in glycolysis?

A
  1. Glucose is converted into two pyruvate molecules
  2. Two ATP molecules are converted into ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation
  3. Two NAD+ molecules are reduced to NADH
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28
Q

Inputs and outputs of glycolysis

A

glucose -> pyruvate
2 NAD+ -> 2 NADH
2 ADP -> 4 ATP (2 net ATP)

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29
Q

In the oxidation of pyruvate, the acetyl group is bound to coenzyme A to produce ________

A

acetly-CoA

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30
Q

What enzyme is involved in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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31
Q

Which part of acetly-CoA is fed into the CAC?

A

acetyl group

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32
Q

Which part of acetly-CoA is recycled?

A

coenzyme A

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33
Q

What are the other names for the citric acid cycle?

A

TCA cycle, Krebs cycle

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34
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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35
Q

Reaction 1 (CAC)

A

Citrate is formed from acetly-CoA and oxaloacetate

36
Q

What happens when cells possess high amounts of ATP?

A

CAC shuts down; acetyl-CoA is channeled into fat synthesis

37
Q

The CAC being inhibited when ATP is high and stimulated when ATP is low is an example of?

A

Negative feedback

38
Q

Reaction 2 and 3 (CAC)

A

Hydroxyl (–OH) group of citrate is repositioned. Produces isocitrate (isomer of citrate)

39
Q

Reaction 4 (CAC)

A

Isocitrate is oxidized –> a-ketoglutarate; NAD+ is reduced to NADH

40
Q

a-ketoglutarate is a ____ carbon molecule

A

5

41
Q

Reaction 5 (CAC)

A

a-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated. Succinyl group joins to conezyme A –> succinyl-CoA. NAD+ is reduced to NADH

42
Q

succinyl-CoA is a ____ carbon molecule

A

4

43
Q

Reaction 6 (CAC)

A
44
Q

Succinate is a ____ carbon molecule

A

4

45
Q

Reaction 7 (CAC)

A

Succinate is oxidized to fumarate. FAD is reduced to FADH2

46
Q

Reaction 8 and 9 (CAC)

A

Water molecule is added to fumarate –> malate. Malate is oxidized –> oxaloacetate

47
Q

Following glycolysis and citric acid cycle, the cell has ____ NADH and ____ FADH2

A

10; 2

48
Q

Where does electron transport chain take place in eukaryotes?

A

mitochondrial inner membrane

49
Q

Where does electron transport chain take place in prokaryotes?

A

plasma membrane

50
Q

What is the first carrier in electron transport chain?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

51
Q

__________ passes electrons to bc1 complex

A

Ubiquinone

52
Q

Ubiquinone passes electrons to ___________

A

bc1 complex

53
Q

______ transfers its electrons to ubiquinone which occurs in the _______

A

FADH2; inner membrane

54
Q

Cytochrome c carries electrons to ____________

A

cytochrome oxidase complex

55
Q

________ carries electrons to cytochrome oxidase complex

A

Cytochrome c

56
Q

The electron transport chain produces a ___________

A

proton gradient

57
Q

Mitochondrial matrix is ________ compared with intermembrane space

A

negative

58
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme that uses energy of proton gradient to make ATP

59
Q

ATP synthase making ATP using _____ and ______

A

ADP; P

60
Q

______ is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase

A

ATP

61
Q

ATP is an allosteric inhibitor of _______

A

phosphofructokinase

62
Q

_____ is an activator of phosphofructokinase

A

ADP

63
Q

ADP is an activator of ________

A

phosphofructokinase

64
Q

________ is inhibited by ATP and NADH

A

citrate synthase

65
Q

Citrate synthase is inhibited by ____ and ____

A

ATP; NADH

66
Q

What happens if NADH is not oxidized fast enough?

A

Levels of NADH rise and inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase

67
Q

What final electron acceptors are used by prokaryotes in place of oxygen?

A

sulfur, nitrate, carbon dioxide, inorganic metals

68
Q

Without O2, cells that cannot utilize alternative e- acceptor for respiration must rely solely on ______ for ATP

A

glycolysis

69
Q

In fermentation, the reduced organic compound is an ______

A

organic acid (lactic acid, acetic acid, etc)

70
Q

What type of fermentation occurs in yeast?

A

Ethanol fermentation

71
Q

Describe the process of ethanol fermentation

A

Yeast enzymes remove a CO2 group from pyruvate through decarboxylation –> acetaldehyde

Acetaldehyde produces ethanol

72
Q

What type of fermentation is found in muscle cells?

A

lactic acid fermentation

73
Q

Where are fatty acids are oxidized?

A

matrix of mitochondria

74
Q

T or F: B-oxidation is oxygen-dependent

A

T

75
Q

How does the ATP produced by fatty acids compare to glucose?

A

The respiration of fatty acids via β-oxidation yields 20% more ATP than glucose

76
Q

Every oxidation step in β-oxidation makes _____ and _____

A

NADH; FADH2

77
Q

What are examples of negative feedback in CAC?

A

CAC is inhibited when ATP is high and stimulated when ATP is low

78
Q

How many ATP and NADH are produced in glycolysis?

A

4 ATP (2 net)
2 NADH

79
Q

How many oxidation steps occur in CAC, how many NADH/FADH2 are produced?

A

3 Oxidation
6 NADH
2 FADH2

80
Q

What drives the proton pumps in the ETC?

A

The energy released through movement of electrons down the ETC

81
Q

What is the theoretical ATP yield per glucose molecule through aerobic respiration

A

30 ATP

82
Q

What are examples of organisms that can respire anaerobically?

A

Prokaryotes

83
Q

Deamination

A

removal of an amino group

84
Q

B-oxidation

A

reaction where 2-carbon units of fatty acids are cleaved and combined with CoA to produce acetyl-CoA

85
Q

What produces more ATP: fatty acids or carbohydrates?

A

Fatty acids

86
Q

What is acetyl-CoA’s role in anabolic metabolism

A

Builds up fatty acids chains; i.e., synthesis of fatty acids

General Biology 1 (10 decks)

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