Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology 1 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

Information passes in one direction from gene (DNA) to an RNA copy of gene, and RNA copy directs assembly of a chain of amino acids into a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the central dogma of molecule biology, ____ is transcribed to make ______, which is translated to make a ______.

A

DNA; mRNA; protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Transcription

A

DNA-to-RNA step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Translation

A

RNA-to-protein step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The process of transcription produces an _____ copy of the information in DNA.

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Template strand

A

DNA strand that is copied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Coding strand

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries DNA transcript to ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA found in ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

adapter molecule between mRNA and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the functions of tRNAs?

A

Interpret information in mRNA

Help position amino acids on ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reading frame

A

Correct succession of nucleotides in triplet codons that specify amino acids on translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the three stop codons.

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the start codon and amino acid does it encode?

A

“AUG”; methionine (Met)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Degenerate

A

some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two forms of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes?

A
  1. Core polymerase
  2. Holoenzyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four subunits that make up core polymerase?

A

Two identical alpha subunits, beta subunit, beta’ subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The holoenzyme is formed by the addition of a ______ subunit to the core polymerase.

A

Sigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T or F: In prokaryotes, transcription does not require a primer.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Promoter

A

forms a recognition and binding site for RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Start site

A

Where transcription actually begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Terminator site

A

Signals the end of transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

transcription unit

A

region from promoter to terminator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Transcription bubble

A

region containing RNA polymerase, DNA template, and growing RNA transcript

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

While in the replication bubble, the growing RNA transcript is a __________

A

RNA:DNA hybrid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hairpin

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are ________

A

coupled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

RNA polymerase I

A

transcribes rRNA

30
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

transcribes mRNA

31
Q

RNA polymerase III

A

transcribes tRNA

32
Q

5’ cap

A

Formed by the addition of GTP to 5’ end of mRNA

33
Q

Carboxy terminal domaint (CTD) is part of the largest subunit of which RNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase II

34
Q

3’ poly-A tail

A

series of adenine residues added to 3’ end of an mRNA

35
Q

Introns

A

Intervening sequences

36
Q

Exons

A

Coding sequences

37
Q

pre-mRNA splicing

A

primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce mature mRNA

38
Q

Alternative splicing

A

a single primary transcript can be spliced into different mRNAs by using different sets of exons

39
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A

attach each amino acid to

40
Q

What are the two functional ends of tRNA?

A
  1. acceptor stem
  2. anticodon loop
41
Q

Acceptor stem

A

3’ end of tRNA; portion that amino acids attach to

42
Q

Anticodon loop

43
Q

Charging reaction

A

Reaction by which an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches a specific amino acid to the correct tRNA

44
Q

Charged tRNA

A

tRNA joined to an amino acid

45
Q

The ribosome contains three binding sites:

A
  1. A (aminoacyl) site
  2. P (peptidyl) site
  3. E (exit) site
46
Q

A (aminoacyl) site

A

Binds to tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added

47
Q

P (peptidyl) site

A

binds to tRNA attached to growing peptide chain

48
Q

E (exit) site

A

binds to tRNA that carried previous amino acid added

49
Q

tRNAs move through the A, P, and E site during __________

A

elongation

50
Q

Peptidyl transferase

51
Q

Ribosome-binding sequence (RBS)

A

a conserved sequence at the 5′ end of mRNA that is complementary to the 3′ end of a small subunit rRNA

52
Q

Elongation factor (EF-Tu)

A

Binds to charged tRNA and GTP

53
Q

Describe the details of the elongation cycle.

A
  1. Charged tRNA comes to ribosome bound to EF-Tu and GTP
  2. Peptidyl transferase catalyzes formation of peptide bond
  3. Ribosome translocation - tRNA in A site is moved into P site
54
Q

Wobble pairing

55
Q

Release factors

A

Proteins that release newly made polypeptide from ribosome

56
Q

In termination, stop codons do not bind to tRNA; instead they are recognized by __________.

A

Release factors

57
Q

In eukaryotes, translation can occur either in _______ or on the ___________

A

cytoplasm; RER

58
Q

Signal recognition particle (SRP)

A

Cytoplasmic complex of protein that recognizes and binds to signal sequence

59
Q

Point mutation

A

mutation that alters a single base

60
Q

Missense mutation

A

Mutation that does not result in an amino acid change

61
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Mutation results in addition of a stop codon

62
Q

Frameshift mutation

63
Q

Indel

A

gain or loss of 1-50 bp

64
Q

Cri-du-chat syndrome

A

Deletion in chromosome 5

65
Q

Deletion

A

loss of DNA

66
Q

Duplication

A

Gain of DNA

67
Q

Inversion

A

material in a chromosome is inverted

68
Q

Reciprocal translocation

A

A piece of a chromosomes breaks off and joins another chromosome

69
Q

Some types of cancer are related to chromosomal _________

A

translocations

70
Q

Spliceosome

A

Organelle that splices pre-mRNA

Responsible for excision of introns and joining of exons

General Biology 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions