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genetics > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______ different amino acids serve as building blocks for polypeptides

A

20

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2
Q

All amino acids have a central _______ an _______ and a ________

A

carbon
amino group
carboxyl group

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3
Q

An enzyme of the ribosome catalyzes the formation of a _______ between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next.

A

peptide bond

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4
Q

The _______ of each amino acid is distinct

A

R-group

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5
Q

Ribosomes translate mRNA in the _________ direction reading each triplet codon and assembling the amino acid in the order specified

A

5’->3’

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6
Q

Ribosomes are composed of 2 subunits, what are they?

A

The small ribosomal subunit and the large ribosomal subunit

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7
Q

Ribosomal subunit size is measured in _______ a property based on size, shape, and hydration state.

A

svedberg units (S)

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8
Q

Boundaries of translation are defined by:
- Start codon (5’) @ the __-terminus of the protein
- stop codon (3’) @ the __ -terminus of the protein

A

N
C

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9
Q

In primary peptide structure, what kind of bonds are formed?

A

peptide bonds

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10
Q

in secondary peptide structure, what kind of bonds are formed?

A

H-bonds

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11
Q

The prokaryote small subunit is 30s and contains ____ proteins and __ 16s rRNA molecule

A

21
1

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12
Q

The prokaryote large subunit is 50s and contains __ proteins, __ small 5s rRNA, and __ large 23s rRNA

A

31
1
1

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13
Q

What is the size of the small bacterial ribosomal subunit? What about the large? What is the size of the full ribosome?

A

30 S
50 S
70 S

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14
Q

The A-site (_______ site) binds the incoming _______ carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain

A

aminoacyl
tRNA

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15
Q

The P-site (_______ site) holds the tRNA to which the growing _______ chain is attached

A

peptidyl
polypeptide

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16
Q

The E-site provides a pathway for _______ of the tRNA after amino acid has been added to the growing chain

A

exit

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17
Q

The eukaryotic small subunit contains __ proteins and __ 18s rRNA

A

3
1

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18
Q

The eukaryotic large subunit contains __ proteins and __ rRNA molecules

A

45-50
3

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19
Q

What is the size of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit? What about the large? What is the size of the full ribosome?

A

40 S
60 S
80 S

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20
Q

What are tRNA’s carrying an amino acid called?

A

charged tRNA’s

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21
Q

What are tRNA’s without amino acids attached called?

A

uncharged tRNA’s

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22
Q

What are the steps to bacterial translation initiation? (4)

A

1) IF3 binds to small subunit
2) small subunit-IF3 complex binds to mRNA near 5’ end and shine-delgarno sequence lines up with sequence on 16s rRNA to align the start codon with the P site
3) tRNA containing N-formylmethionine, IF2, and GTP binds at P site and IF1 binds at A site
4) Hydrolysis of GTP and disassociation of IF1, IF2, and IF3 allow large subunit to bind to small subunit

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23
Q

What is the purpose of IF3

A

to prevent the large subunit from binding to the small subunit

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24
Q

The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is a _______ rich sequence of about 6 nucleotides upstream of the start codon

A

Purine (A/G)

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25
Q

A complimentary (to the Shine-Delgarno sequence) _______ rich sequence is found near the 3’ end of the 16s rRNA

A

pyrimidine (U/C)

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26
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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27
Q

The _______ forms when the 16s rRNA base pairs with the shine-delgarno sequence on the mRNA

A

pre-initiation complex

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28
Q

What are the steps to eukaryotic translation initiation? (4)

A

1) eIF1, eIF1A, and eIF3 bind to small ribosomal subunit forming the pre-initiation complex
2) initiator tRNA and eIF5 join the pre-initiation complex
3) The pre-initiation complex + initiator tRNA and eIF5 then bind eIF4 to the 5’ end of the mRNA forming the initiation complex and searches for the start codon
4) The large ribosomal subunit binds to the initiation complex using GTP and disassociation of eIF’s

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29
Q

the start codon is found in the _______ sequence (eukaryotes)

A

kozak

30
Q

_______ is required for the initiation complex to find the start codon in eukaryotes

A

ATP hydrolysis

31
Q

What is the difference between Archaeal translation initiation and eukaryotic translation initiation?

A

1) some archaeal mRNA’s contain the shine-dalgarno sequence
2) use aIF’s (archaeal initiation factors)

32
Q

What is connected to charged tRNA’s as they enter the A site in polypeptide elongation in bacteria?

A

1) EF-TU
2) GTP

33
Q

_______ catalyzes peptide bond formation between the amino acids at the P and A sites

A

peptidyl transferase

34
Q

Using _______ hydrolysis, _______ translocates the ribosome, moving it 3 nucleotides toward the 3’ end of the mRNA. This moves the tRNA at the __ site to the P site.

A

GTP
EF-G
A

35
Q

What is the archaeal homolog to EF-TU? what about eukaryotic homolog?

A

aEF-1
eEF-1

36
Q

What is the archaeal homolog to EF-G? what about eukaryotic homolog?

A

aEF-2
eEF-2

37
Q

All organisms use _______ to bind to a stop codon in the A-site

A

release factor (RF)

38
Q

In bacteria: RF1 recognizes codons _______ and _______

A

UAG and UAA

39
Q

In bacteria: RF2 recognizes codons _______ and _______

A

UGA and UAA

40
Q

What is the purpose of RF3

A

to recycle RF1

41
Q

What is the release codon in eukaryotes and archaea

A

eRF1

42
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAG
UGA
UAA

43
Q

Prokaryotes can have _______, which are all actively translating the same RNA

A

polyribosomes

44
Q

Compare and contrast translation in bacteria and eukaryotes

A

1) bacteria allow for coupling of translation and transcription, eukaryotes don’t (need nucleus then cytoplasm)
2) eukaryotes produce monocistronic mRNA while bacteria produce polycistronic mRNA

45
Q

Each polycistronic mRNA contains several _______ and _______, and the _______ separates the segments

A

Start and stop codons
intercistronic spacer sequence

46
Q

_______ describes the correspondence between the nucleotide sequence of mRNAs and the amino acid sequences of the resulting polypeptides

A

genetic code

47
Q

_______ are adaptor molecules that interpret and then act on information carried in mRNA

A

Transfer RNA’s

48
Q

_______ groups of three consecutive nucleotides in an mRNA each correspond to one amino acid

A

Codons

49
Q

The genetic code contains 64 different codons but there are only 20 amino acids. This is an example of _______

A

redundancy

50
Q

_______ codons code for the same amino acid

A

Synonymous

51
Q

_______ tRNA’s are tRNA molecules with different anticodons that carry the same amino acid

A

Iso-accepting

52
Q

_______ creates flexible pairing at the 3’ nucleotide of the codon

A

third base wobble

53
Q

because the genetic code is universal, _______ can be used to produce important proteins from plants and animals

A

bacteria

54
Q

_______ are enzymes that catalyze the addition of the correct amino acid to tRNA’s. What provides this energy for the attachment?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
ATP

55
Q

At what end does the tRNA does the amino acid bind?

A

3’ end

56
Q

True or False: Each aminoacyl tRNA synthetase is specific for one amino acid and a small number of tRNAs.

A

True

57
Q

_______ refers to the specific codon sequence as determined by the start codon

A

reading frame

58
Q

Mutations that alter the reading frame are called _______ and garble the sense of the translated message

A

frameshift mutations

59
Q

In 1957, _______ determined that an overlapping code was not possible because it was too restrictive

A

Sidney Brenner

60
Q

in 1960, _______ and colleagues showed that single nucleotide changes led to a single amino acid change

A

Fraenkel-Conrat

61
Q

N___ and L___ used mini-RNA’s just three nucleotides long (one for each of the possible codons) to resolve the ambiguities of previous experiments

A

Nirenberg and Leder

62
Q

Describe Nirenberg and Leder’s experiment

A

Mini mRNA’s with a bunch of codons (one C14 labeled) passed through a filter

63
Q

What are the 2 different types of protein folding and post-translational processing?

A

1) post-translational polypeptide processing
2) protein sorting using signal (leader) sequences

64
Q

A form of _______ is the removal of one or more amino acids from a polypeptide

A

post-translational protein processing

65
Q

One of the most common modifications of amino acids is phosphorylation, carried out by _______

A

kinases

66
Q

polypeptides may be cleaved into _______ segments that have _______ functions or that _______ to form a functional protein

A

multiple
separate
aggregate

67
Q

_______ of about 15 to 20 amino acids at the N-terminal end directs proteins to their cellular destinations

A

Signal (leader) sequences

68
Q

polypeptides destined for secretion are produced at the _______

A

rough ER

69
Q

What term is used to identify a functional protein that is formed when two identical polypeptides join​ together?

A

homodimer

70
Q

Thanks to flexible base​ pairing, the wobble nucleotides in anticodons can be one or more of the standard RNA nucleotides or which modified​ nucleotide?

A

Inosine (I)

genetics (22 decks)

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