Chapter 10 part 2

Question 1

When a chromosome breaks, both DNA strands are severed at a location called a _______

Answer 1

chromosome break point

Question 2

Detachment of all or part of one chromosome arm can lead to a _______; the broken fragment contains a telomere and some genetic material

Answer 2

terminal deletion

Question 3

If any broken chromosome fragment is _______, it will likely be lost during cell division as it can’t attach to the spindle apparatus

Answer 3

acentric

Question 4

_______ is an example of chromosome deletion and is caused by the loss of 5p15.2-5p15.3

Answer 4

cri-du-chat syndrome

Question 5

_______ is the loss of an internal portion of a chromosome and results from 2 chromosome breaks

Answer 5

interstitial deletion

Question 6

_______ is a series of conditions caused by interstitial deletion of multiple genes on chromosome 11

Answer 6

WAGR syndrome

Question 7

an organism with one normal and one duplication homolog is a _______

Answer 7

partial duplication heterozygote

Question 8

Unequal crossover does not occur often and most commonly occurs when repetitive regions such as _______ and _______ of homologs misalign

Answer 8

PMSA
PMSB

Question 9

Large deletions and duplications are identified by a _______, which is the part of one homolog missing on the pairing partner

Answer 9

unpaired loop

Question 10

Micro-deletions and micro-duplications can be identified by _______

Answer 10

FISH

Question 11

Sometimes chromosome breakage leads to attachment of the wrong broken ends leading to _______ on the same chromosome or _______ to a nonhomologous chromosome

Answer 11

chromosome inversion
chromosome translocation

Question 12

_______ when the centromere is outside of the inverted region

Answer 12

paracentric inversion

Question 13

_______ when the centromere is within the inverted region

Answer 13

pericentric inversion

Question 14

_______ have one normal and one inverted homolog

Answer 14

inversion heterozygotes

Question 15

Crossing over within a paracentric inversion results in _______ and ______

Answer 15

dicentric chromosome
acentric chromosome

Question 16

Crossing over within a pericentric inversion results in both duplicated and deleted regions in _______ of the recombinant products

Answer 16

both

Question 17

Both paracentric and pericentric inversions result in _______ and _______

Answer 17

2 viable chromosomes
2 nonvialble chromosomes

Question 18

What are the 3 different types of translocations?

Answer 18

1) unbalanced (one way transfer)
2) reciprocal balanced (two way transfer)
3) Robertsonian (fusion)

Question 19

In reciprocal balanced translocations, _______ structure is formed at metaphase I of meiosis.

Answer 19

cross-like

Question 20

Translocation heterozygotes are _______ because only half of alternate segregation leads to normal gametes

Answer 20

semi-sterile

Question 21

If 2 pairs of chromosomes fuse by Robertsonian translocation, the number of chromosomes drops _______

Answer 21

2n-2

Question 22

One type of robertsonian translocation between chromosome 21 and 14 is reponsible for _______

Answer 22

familial down syndrome

Question 23

The DNA and associated proteins of a chromosome are called _______

Answer 23

chromatin
1/2 DNA and 1/2 protein

Question 24

_______ are small basic proteins that tightly bind DNA

Answer 24

histone proteins

Question 25

What are the 5 types of histone proteins?

Answer 25

1) H1
2) H2A
3) H2B
4) H3
5) H4

Question 26

_______ are fundamental units of histone protein organization with two molecules of each histone (not including H1)

Answer 26

nucleosome core particles
- DNA around nucleosome is first level DNA condensation

Question 27

How are nucleosomes assembled?

Answer 27

1) H2A and H2B form dimers
2) H3 and H4 form dimers
3) H3 and H4 dimers form tetramer
4) H2A and H2B associate with H3H4 tetramer to form octamer

Question 28

The variable length between nucleosomes is called _______

Answer 28

linker DNA

Question 29

the 30-nm fiber forms when the 10 nm fiber coils into a _______ with 6-8 nucleosomes per turn

Answer 29

solenoid
- second level of DNA condensation

Question 30

What Histone stabilizes solenoids?

Answer 30

H1

Question 31

Chromosome shape depends on the chromosome _______, composed of filamentous, non-histone proteins

Answer 31

scaffold

Question 32

Chromatin loops are anchored to the chromosome scaffold by nonhistone proteins at sites called _______

Answer 32

MARs (matrix attachment regions)

Question 33

_______ syndrome is found in partial deletion of heterozygotes for segment of chromosome 7 that contain duplicate copies of PMS

Answer 33

Williams-beuren