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genetics > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

_______: genes located on the same chromosome

A

syntenic genes

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2
Q

_______: genes close enough on the same chromosome that they assort together more often than independently

A

linked genes

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3
Q

linked genes are _______ syntenic

A

always

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4
Q

what is another name for parental gametes in genetic linkage?

A

non-recombinants

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5
Q

what is another name for non-parental gametes in genetic linkage?

A

recombinants

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6
Q

_______ plots the positions of genes on chromosomes

A

Genetic linkage mapping

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7
Q

_______ is observed when no crossing over occurs between linked genes; only parental gametes are formed

A

Complete genetic linkage

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8
Q

The two parental types are approximately _______ in frequency, as are the two recombinant types

A

equal

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9
Q

What is the formula for recombination frequency?

A

RF = (#recombinants / total number of progeny) x 100

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10
Q

What is the maximum recombination value?

A

50%

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11
Q

The probability of a double crossover is the _______ of the probabilities of the single​ crossovers

A

product

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12
Q

_______ was the first to demonstrate that genes are on chromosomes

A

Morgan

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13
Q

Creighton and McClintock (as well as Stern studying Drosophila) showed that crossover is accompanied by chromosome _______ and _______ in plants and animals

A

breakage and rejoining

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14
Q

_______ used the results of several experiments to create a genetic map for 5 X-linked genes in drosophila

A

Alfred Sturtevant

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15
Q

Recombination frequencies between two genes can be converted into units of physical distance called _______

A

map units (m.u.) or centiMorgan (cM)

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16
Q

polymorphic DNA sequences are called _______

A

genetic markers

17
Q

_______ are clusters of syntenic genes that are linked to one another

A

Linkage groups

18
Q

Genetic markers are typically in _______ regions of the genome

A

noncoding

19
Q

What are the 3 different genetic markers?

A

1) Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)
2) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
3) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

20
Q

_______ have sequences repeat end-to-end in a chromosomal region

A

Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)

21
Q

_______ involve variants where one base pair is substituted by another base pair, typically in a noncoding region

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

22
Q

_______ are changes in DNA sequence that are detected using DNA-cutting enzymes called restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes)

A

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

23
Q

Pieces of DNA resulting from restriction enzyme cutting are called _______

A

restriction fragments

24
Q

The specific array of SNPs in a small region on a single chromosome is called a _______

A

haplotype

25
Q

Haplotype SNPs are closely linked variants and will tend to be passed on _______ during _______

A

together
meiosis

26
Q

_______: the arrangement of alleles of linked genes on parental chromosomes

A

allelic phase

27
Q

When a disease-causing allele is seen to segregate along with a known genetic marker, allelic phase (can / can’t) be determined

A

can

28
Q

_______ determines the likelihood of linkage for many recombinant frequencies, called theta (θ) values (essentially map distances)

A

LOD score

29
Q

A LOD SCORE OF:
θ=0 means _______
θ=50 means _______

A

complete linkage
independent assortment

30
Q

θ = map units ; θ = 0.1 = ____ m.u.

A

10

31
Q

While interpreting LOD scores:
- LOD scores of 3.0 or higher hold significant evidence _______ of linkage at the theta value
- LOD scores of less than -2.0 hold significant evidence _______ genetic linkage

A

1) in favor
2) against

32
Q

While interpreting LOD scores:
- LOD scores between _______ are inconclusive
- The _______ value indicates the recombination frequency most likely to be correct

A

1) 3.0 and -2.0
2) Zmax

33
Q

_______ detects and locates genes that influence traits as a group of multiple genes

A

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

34
Q

GWAS looks for associations between traits and groups of alleles in _______

A

populations

35
Q

GWAS results are represented in the form of a “_______”
- the higher the green bar, the stronger the association

A

Manhattan plot

36
Q

linkage disequilibrium reflects the _______ distribution of alleles for linked genes (or linked gene and marker)

A

nonrandom

37
Q

When frequencies of haplotypes in a population deviate significantly from what is expected, it is called _______

A

linkage disequilibrium

genetics (22 decks)

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