Chapter 8 Flashcards
How do you distinguish different nitrogenous bases
- if purine (double ring), G is more decorated (think GO!)
- if pyrimidine (single ring), T has more O’s (think TOO)
- if ribose sugar and pyrimidine, U has the 2 O’s
What are the 3 parts of RNA ribonucleotides
1) ribose sugar
2) a nucleotide base
3) one or more phosphate groups
_______ catalyzes the addition of each ribonucleotide to the 3’ end of the growing RNA strand
RNA polymerase
What kind of bond does RNA polymerase make?
phosphodiester bond
_______ inhibits RNA synthesis in prokaryotes by inhibiting the formation of the _______ phosphodiester bond
Rifampicin
first
_______ is produced by protein-encoding genes and is a short-lived intermediary between DNA and protein
mRNA
mRNA is the only type of RNA that undergoes _______
translation
transcription of mRNA is often followed by _______
post-transcriptional processing
_______ are encoded in dozens of forms and are responsible for binding an amino acid and depositing it for inclusion into a growing protein chain
transfer RNA
_______ combines with numerous proteins to form ribosomes
ribosomal RNA
_______ of various types is found in the nucleus of eukaryotes and plays a role in mRNA processing
small nuclear RNA
_______ is active in plant and animal cells and is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA
micro RNA
_______ protects plant and animal cells from production of viruses and movement of transposons
small interfering RNA
Certain RNA’s in eukaryotic cells have catalytic activity; these are called _______
ribozymes
Transcription is the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA molecule by _______
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase reads the _______ of the DNA to assemble a complementary, antiparallel strand of ribonucleotides
template strand
what is another name for the template strand
non-coding
what is another name for the coding strand
non-template
What are the 4 stages of transcription in bacteria?
1) promoter recognition
2) transcription initiation
3) chain elongation
4) chain termination
The _______ is immediately upstream (5’ of the coding strand) to the start of transcription
promoter
The _______ of the gene is the portion that contain the information needed to synthesize the protein product
coding region
the _______ of the gene regulates the cessation of transcription
termination region
The bacterial RNA polymerase holoenzyme is composed of a _______ and a _______ subunit
pentameric core
sigma
The large core enzyme of RNA polymerase holoenzyme is composed of _______, _______, _______, _______, _______
alpha 1
alpha 2
beta
beta’
w