Chapter 3 mitosis Flashcards
What are the 2 main parts of the cell cycle?
1) interphase (G1, S, G2)
2) m phase (mitosis)
Cell division is regulated by control of the _______
Cell Cycle
In Gap 1 (G1) phase, all proteins for normal cell function are _______ and _______
transcribed and translated
Cells that enter G0 phase _______ re-enter the cell cycle
rarely
S phase or synthesis phase is where DNA is _______
replicated
Gap 2 (G2) phase is where cells prepare for _______
division
What are the 5 stages of M phase?
1) prophase
2) pro-metaphase
3) metaphase
4) anaphase
5) telophase / cytokenesis
_______ is the dividing of DNA
karyokinesis
_______ is the dividing of the cell/cytoplasm
cytokinesis
At the end of S-Phase the number of chromosomes is the _______ but the amount of genetic material is _______
same
doubled
Progressive condensation of chromosomes begins in _______ and reaches a maximum in _______
prophase
metaphase
_______ are specialized sequences where sister chromatids are joined. They bind protein complexes called _______
centromeres
kinetochores
_______ chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that contain the exact same gene, just one from the father and one from the mother
homologous
What happens in prophase of M phase? (2)
1) condensation begins
2) aster and mitotic spindle form
What happens in prometaphase of M phase? (2)
1) nuclear envelope fragments
2) microtubules and kinetochore connect
What happens in metaphase of M phase?
1) _______ align on _______
2) _______ at one spindle pole
1) Chromosomes, metaphase plate
2) centrosome
Centrosomes nucleate spindle fiber microtubules:
- minus (-) end at the _______
- plus (+) end grows towards the _______
centrosome
kinetochores
The spindle fibers emanate from the centrosome in a pattern called the _______
aster
What are the 3 types of microtubules and what do they do?
1) kinetochore microtubules
- connect centrosome to kinetochore
2) polar microtubules
- connect to each other and elongate the cell
3) astral microtubules
- push against the membrane for stability and shape
What protein holds sister chromatids together?
cohesin
in anaphase, the sister chromatids separate due to the action of the enzyme _______ which causes _______
separase
disjunction
_______ is the failure of Sister chromatids to separate properly
non-disjunction
Describe the shortening of microtubules.
Microtubules depolarize at the + end, moving towards the centrioles, yet the kinetochore still attaches to it
What happens in telophase of M phase?
1) _______ membrane reassembles
2) chromosomes ________
1) nuclear
2) de-condense
Cytokinesis in animal cells have a contractile ring of _______ creates a _______ around the circumference of the cell
Actin
cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis in plant cells have vesicles that make a _______ in the midline of the cell
cell plate
_______ are monitored by protein interactions for readiness
cell cycle checkpoints
_______: Pass if cell size is adequate and chromosome replication is successfully completed
G2 checkpoint
_______: Pass if all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle
metaphase checkpoint
________: pass if DNA replication is complete and has been screened to remove base-pair mismatch or error
S-phase checkpoint
_______: pass if cell size is adequate, nutrient availability is sufficient, and growth factors are present
G1 checkpoint
