Chapter 4 Flashcards
Dominance of one allele over another is determined by the _______ of that allele
protein product
The overall phenotype is the consequence of the _______ of the protein products of the alleles of the gene
activities
_______: meaning that one copy of an allele is enough for normal function
Haplosufficient
_______: meaning that one copy of an allele is not enough for normal function
Haploinsufficient
A _______ phenotype is always produced when an organism has 2 copies of the wild type allele
wild-type
_______ mutation = when the gene product acquires a new function or shows an increased level of wild-type activity
gain-of-function
_______ mutation = when there is a significant decrease or complete loss of functional gene product
loss-of-function
loss-of-function mutations that produce no functional protein product is called _______ or _______; often these are lethal when homozygous
null mutation
amorphic mutation
loss-of-function mutations that result in a partial loss of function are called _______ or _______; the severity of the phenotype depends on the level of activity of the mutation
leaky mutation
hypomorphic mutation
Multimeric proteins, composed of 2 or more polypeptides that join together to form a functioning protein, are particularly subject to _______
dominant negative mutations
Dominant negative mutations are dominant due to the loss of function of the multimeric protein complex due to an _______ change in one subunit
- these are negative mutations due to their “_______” on the protein as a whole
amino acid
spoiler effect
Gain of function mutations can be _______ or ________
hypermorphic
neomorphic
_______ mutations produce more gene activity than the wild-type
hypermorphic
_______ mutations acquire novel gene activities not in the wild-type
neomorphic
_______ is when heterozygous individuals display intermediate phenotypes between either homozygous type
incomplete dominance
_______ produces heterozygotes with a phenotype different than that of either homozygote
Codominance
_______: RBC’s display A antigen on surface
_______: RBC’s display B antigen on surface
_______: RBC’s display A and B antigen on surface
_______: RBC’s display neither A or B antigen on surface
1) Type A blood
2) Type B blood
3) Type AB blood
4)Type O blood
Blood group antigens are _______ with the lipid portion anchored in the RBC membrane
glycolipids
What turns the H antigen into A antigen? B antigen?
A: A transferase
-adds N-acetylgalactosamine to 5 sugar molecule
B: B transferase
-adds galactose to 5 sugar molecule
The __-gene is responsible for coat color in mammals, and it produces an allelic series
C
What are the four forms of the C gene in mammal coat color? What color do they correspond with?
1) C: full
2) C^ch: chinchilla
3) C^h: himalayan
4) c: albino
The C allele produces a _______ enzyme that is 100% active making it _______
tyrosine
haplosufficient
the c^ch allele produces an enzyme that is less than 20% active making it _______
hypomorphic
the c^h allele produces an enzyme that is _______, it is also _______
temperature-sensitive
Hypomorphic
