Chapter 9

Question 1

What is aggression

Answer 1

Physical or verbal behaviour meant to cause harm

Question 2

Physical aggression

Answer 2

Assault; hurting someones body

Question 3

Social aggression

Answer 3

Name calling; gossip; social exclusion

Question 4

How many types of aggression are therw

Answer 4

There are 2 types of aggression
- Hostile
- Instrumental

Question 5

Hostile aggression

Answer 5

Based on anger, and includes harm for the sake of harm.
Ex - retaliatory assault, murder

Question 6

Instrumental aggression

Answer 6

Harming someone to achieve a goal or another goal
Ex - Professional fighters

Question 7

What are microaggressions

Answer 7

Everyday subtle interactions or behaviours that communicate negative attitudes towards marginalized groups

Question 8

Are microaggressions intentional or unintentional

Answer 8

Can be both

Question 9

Biological phenomenon theories of aggressions

Answer 9

• Instinct theory
• Evolutionary perspective
• Neurological factors
• Genetics
• Biochemical factors
• Nutrition

Question 10

Frustration-Aggression theories of aggression

Answer 10

Frustration leads to aggression, there is an increase in frustration if something doesn’t go the way we expect and displacement is common

Question 11

Social Learning Theory of aggression

Answer 11

Socialising by watching and imitating and are reinforced via rewards and punishments

Question 12

Observational learning

Answer 12

Modelled aggressive behaviour is often imitated against others and other kids

Question 13

Bandura et al., 1961 study

Answer 13

Observed aggressive adult play and hit a doll, then tell some kids they cannot play with the best toys their because they are meant for other kids

Question 14

How did the kids react in the Bandura et al., study

Answer 14

Kids who were told they could not play with the best toys and exposed to the violent adult play engaged in violent behaviours with the doll , while kids who were told they could not play with the best toys and not exposed to the violent adult play were angry but played with other toys

Question 15

Which cultures tend to be less aggressive

Answer 15

Collectivist cultures tend to be less aggressive, though aggressiveness is still common

Question 16

What are the influences on aggression

Answer 16

Pain, heat, attacks, arousal, aggression cues, “mainstream” pornography, media, group influences

Question 17

Pain and aggression

Answer 17

Pain leads to more violent attacks, for example lab animals attack each other when they are feeling pain

Question 18

Heat and aggression

Answer 18

Hot weather leads to an increase in aggression and hostility

Question 19

Attacks and aggression

Answer 19

Intentional attacks lead to retaliation and more aggression

Question 20

Arousal and aggression

Answer 20

Autonomic arousal can be interpreted differently, shows in adrenaline, little to no emotion, and no warning

Question 21

Aggression cues and aggression

Answer 21

Weapons effect, a known presence of weapons can increase aggression

Question 22

“Mainstream” pornography and aggression

Answer 22

Genres sexualizing assault (physical, sexual, mental) with an increase of aggression towards women

Question 23

Media and aggression

Answer 23

Involves TV, movies, the internet, and video games.

Question 24

Three reasons behaviour is affected due to TV, movies, and internet

Answer 24

1. Watching violence produces arousal
2. Watching violence disinhibits
3. Media portrayals invite imitation

Question 25

Five effects violent video games have on children

Answer 25

1. Increase in aggressive behaviours, thoughts, and feelings
2. Habituation to violent imagery
3. Increase of carrying a weapon
4. Decrease in self-control, increase of antisocial behaviour
5. Decrease in helping, and decrease in empathy

Question 26

Group influences and aggression

Answer 26

Social contagion. Negative behaviours and emotions spreading through a group which can amplify aggressive tendencies and polarize values

Question 27

Catharsis

Answer 27

When we find an outlet for frustration, such as venting to avoid bottling up negative emotions

Question 28

Can visiting “rant” websites reduce aggression

Answer 28

This can lead to greater hostility, increasing our anger about a subject and decreasing our happiness

Question 29

When is punishment effective

Answer 29

When it is immediate, without questions and unavoidable combined with reward for desired behaviours and the recipient is not angry