Chapter 3

Question 1

How many systems of thinking are there

Answer 1

2 systems of thinking

Question 2

System 1

Answer 2

Automatic
- instantly recognizing objects and making judgements about others

Question 3

System 2

Answer 3

Controlled
- more deliberate and slower, allowing for more processing

Question 4

Sources of Information

Answer 4

These more commonly rely on system 1. being unintentional and automatic

Question 5

What is Priming

Answer 5

Priming activates associations in our memory and can occur unconsciously

ex. flash the word cheese and things you associate with cheese will be easier to spot

Question 6

Subliminal Messages

Answer 6

Priming is also used here, associations are created and then activated below conscious awareness

Question 7

What is embodied cognition

Answer 7

Priming via physical sensations

Question 8

Intuition

Answer 8

Implicit/automatic thinking, this can be influenced by priming

Question 9

Schema’s

Answer 9

Cognitive framework that organizes info about the social world, basic knowledge and impressions, helping us interpret ambiguous information

Question 10

Limits of Intuition

Answer 10

Prone to errors regarding beliefs of what really occurred

Question 11

Overconfidence Phenomenon

Answer 11

This is a tendency to be more confident than correct

Question 12

Confirmation Bias

Answer 12

When we seek information and data that will confirm our beliefs

Question 13

Heuristics

Answer 13

Mental shortcuts to help make decisions quickly and efficiently

Question 14

What are the different types of heuristics

Answer 14

Availability heuristic and Representative heuristic

Question 15

Availability Heuristic

Answer 15

Basing a judgement on how easily we can bring information to mind

Question 16

Representative Heuristic

Answer 16

Classification based on how closely it resembles a “typical” case

Question 17

Counterfactual Thinking

Answer 17

Alternative versions of the past with a more desirable outcomes

Question 18

Belief Perseverance

Answer 18

Persistence of belief even after discrediting information provided

Question 19

Misinformation Effect

Answer 19

Adjusting our memory of an event after receiving misleading information about it

Question 20

Misattributions

Answer 20

Mistakenly attributing someone’s behaviour to an incorrect cause

Question 21

Attribution Theory

Answer 21

How we explain the causes of our own behaviour and the behaviour of others

Question 22

How many types of attribution are there

Answer 22

There are 2 types
- Internal / Dispositional
- External / Situational

Question 23

Internal / Dispositional Attribution

Answer 23

Behaviour being attributed to one’s character or personality traits or caused by something internal and occurs through spontaneous trait inference

Question 24

Spontaneous Trait Inference

Answer 24

Automatic inference of a trait after exposure to one’s behaviour

Question 25

External / Situational Attributions

Answer 25

Behaviour caused by an element of the situation / environment, and traits are not to blame for behaviour

Question 26

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 26

Trying to explain behaviour with personality traits (dispositional factors) instead of considering the situation

Question 27

Perceptual Salience

Answer 27

When we focus on information that seems most obvious to us