chapter 9

Question 1

sensory memory

Answer 1

Initial brief storage of sensory information. It is different for each modality.
Vision: iconic memory
Auditory: echoic memory
Smell/taste/touch: olfactory/tactile/gustatory memory

Question 2

George Sperling

Answer 2

Came up with ‘whole report letter array spelling’, as a way to quantitatively studies sensory memory

Question 3

sperling’s model

Answer 3

Iconic memory is a sensory memory storage with unlimited capacity, but a limited duration. A ghostly image of the scene that lasts for 200-300 ms after it disappears

Question 4

motion aftereffect

Answer 4

The illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving stimulus

Question 5

Interocular transfer

Answer 5

If you habituate with one eye, the motion, aftereffect transfers to the other eye

Question 6

what does interocular transfer suggest?

Answer 6

bilateral adaptation of the nervous system

Question 7

what parts of the brain are involved in motion perception?

Answer 7

medial superior temporal (MST) and the middle temporal (V5)

Question 8

Random dot kinematogram

Answer 8

Displays of moving dots. Some dots, moving the same direction and some dots move in add different direction. The dots that move the same direction have coherent motion.

Question 9

Area V5

Answer 9

Training: monkeys view RDKs and detect direction of coherent motion at 2%
Lesion: area V5 is removed
Result: monkeys need 20-30% coherence to detect coherent global motion

Question 10

Smooth Pursuit

Answer 10

A class of eye movements used to track moving objects in the real world. These eye movements are fluid and smooth.

Question 11

Illusory motion

Answer 11

The perception of motion in a static image. A.k.a. the wallpaper effect.

Question 12

apparent motion

Answer 12

The illusory impression of smooth motion, resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations.

Question 13

What does apparent motion depend on?

Answer 13

Distance between the two stimuli, and time between the two stimuli

Question 14

Weak/no apparent motion

Answer 14

If we go too slow, we will see little or no apparent motion

Question 15

Beta motion

Answer 15

If we go at just the right speed, we see apparent motion

Question 16

phi phenomenon

Answer 16

If we go too fast, we get a weird optical illusion, where we see an object that is the color of the background

Question 17

sound

Answer 17

Fluctuations and air pressure overtime and can be thought of as a wave form. Measured in frequency and amplitude.

Question 18

what are the 2 properties of sound?

Answer 18

amplitude and frequency

Question 19

amplitude

Answer 19

The magnitude of air pressure displacement

Question 20

How is loudness measured?

Answer 20

Decibels

Question 21

Decibels

Answer 21

Sound waves in the real world can have huge differences and physical intensity. Faint detectable sound to highest detectable sound is 1 million times greater. This system uses logarithms to scale amplitude to a format.

Question 22

Decibel rule of thumb

Answer 22

Each 10:1 sound pressure ratio equals 20 dB

Question 23

Frequency

Answer 23

The number of times per second that a soundwave repeats. it is measured in hertz

Question 24

spectrum

Answer 24

a representation of the relative energy present at each frequency

Question 25

pure tone

Answer 25

The single waveform for which variation as a function of time is a sine function

Question 26

pure tone

Answer 26

a single sinusoidal waveform

Question 27

Complex tone

Answer 27

Two or more combined pure tones

Question 28

Audible frequency range

Answer 28

Humans: 20-20,000
Dogs: 67-45,000
Bats: 1-200,000

Question 29

Psychophysics of hearing

Answer 29

Not all frequencies will have the same perceived loudness. At the same physical volume, high frequencies typically sound louder than low frequencies.

Question 30

equal loudness curve

Answer 30

Orange marks fall on the same equal loudness curve. Purple tick marks fall on the different equal loudness curve.

Question 31

pinna

Answer 31

Funnels sound waves into the ear

Question 32

Ear canal

Answer 32

Protects the hearing organs from damage

Question 33

tympanic membrane

Answer 33

Thin sheet of skin that vibrates in response to sound waves (ear drum)

Question 34

outer ear

Answer 34

pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane

Question 35

middle ear

Answer 35

malleus, incus, stapes, tensor tympanic muscle, stapedius muscle

Question 36

ossicles

Answer 36

small bones that transmit vibrational energy from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea

Question 37

acoustic reflex

Answer 37

Muscles that tighten up during loud noises

Question 38

inner ear

Answer 38

Vestibular organs, auditory nerve, cochlea

Question 39

Auditory nerve

Answer 39

Cranial nerve transmitting, auditory information from the cochlea to the brain

Question 40

Cochlea

Answer 40

The retina of the ear- where sound is transduced into a neutral signal

Question 41

How does the cochlea transduce sound waves into a neural signal?

Answer 41

There are three different fluid filled canals in the cochlea, which are each separated by a membrane. The most important part for hearing is the basilar membrane, which contains the organ of corti

Question 42

The brain

Answer 42

Auditory nerve
Cochlear nucleus
Superior olive
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Primary auditory cortex

Question 43

Equal loudness curve

Answer 43

Not all frequencies are perceived equally by the auditory system

Question 44

Where does the ear transduce sound waves into a neural signal via hair cells?

Answer 44

The cochlea