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perception > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

pitch

A

psychological perception of a frequency

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2
Q

octave

A

interval between sound frequencies with a 2:1 ratio
musical notes can have several octaves

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3
Q

musical helix

A

tone height and tone chroma

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4
Q

tone height

A

level of pitch (low to high)

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5
Q

tone chroma

A

quality shared by items with the same musical notes

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6
Q

chords

A

combination of two or more notes

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7
Q

dyad

A

two notes combined

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8
Q

triad

A

three notes combined

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9
Q
A

combinations of notes with simple ratios
ex: perfect fifth (3:2) and perfect fourth (4.3)

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10
Q
A

combinations of notes with less elegant ratios
ex: minor second (16:15) or augmented fourth (45:32)

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11
Q

musical scales

A

a group of musical notes that can be played in sequence
‘musical key’
western music uses a 7 note scale

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12
Q

melody

A

sequence of notes or chords perceived as a coherent structure
ex: HBD song

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13
Q

tempo

A

same melody can be played at varying speeds as long as the relative duration of notes are held constant
measured in BPM
affects mood of the music

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14
Q

rhythm

A

number of beats in a given section of a melody

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15
Q

rhythm perception

A

BOLTON
played series of equally spaced sounds to listeners and people grouped them into a rhythm despite there not being one

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16
Q

syncopation

A

any deviation from a regular rhythm
ex: jazz and reggae music

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17
Q

music is a _____

A

universal human trait

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18
Q

musical perception in infants

A

LYNCH ET AL
american infants listened to diff scales and find mistunings vs western and Indonesian music

result: they were good at it but adults weren’t

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19
Q

Tsimane study

A

tribe in amazon with no western contact

played consonant/dissonant chords and name/rate them

could name them but rated similarly

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20
Q

perfect pitch

A

some people can hear a musical note in isolation and name it

<1/10K people

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21
Q

relative pitch

A

some people can tell the name of one note in relation to another note

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22
Q

how is PP acquired?

A

most adults can’t acquire it

if your sibling has perfect pitch you’re more likely to have it too

people who acquire it have extensive musical training as a child

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23
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A

talented people have talent relatives

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24
Q

anders ericsson

A

expertise is due to level of practice

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25
Q

how do you become a musical expert?

A

consistent practice that is spaced across several years

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26
Q

spatial orientation

A

sense consisting of 3 interacting modalities

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27
Q

what are the three interacting modalities of spatial orientation?

A

linear motion
angular motion
tilt

28
Q

linear motion

A

translational movement in one direction

the predominant movement of a train

29
Q

angular motion

A

rotational motion like that of a spinning top or the swinging doors of a saloon

30
Q

tilt

A

to attain a sloped position like the leaning tower of pizza

31
Q

vestibular system

A

sensory organs that contribute to the detection of self motion and orientation, it’s crucial for balance and coordination

32
Q

what does spatial orientation help with?

A

visual stability, balance, autonomic, spatial orientation

33
Q

where is the vestibular system located?

A

cochlea
semicircular canal
otolith organs (utricle and saccule)

34
Q

semicircular canals

A

detect angular motion involved in head and body rotations

rotational acceleration

ex: spinning around/turning head

35
Q

roll

A

posterior semicircular canal

36
Q

pitch

A

anterior semicircular canal

37
Q

yaw

A

horizontal semicircular canal

38
Q

how do the semicircular canals transduce angular motion into a neural signal?

A

the semicircular canals are filled with a fluid called endolymph

the ampulla is the retina of the vestibular system

the endolymph fluid hits the cupula

cupula is attached to cilia

pushes the cilia in a certain direction

39
Q

the semicircular canals respond to ____ not ____

A
40
Q

velocity

A

the speed at which something moves

ex: a car moving at a constant speed of 60 miles per hour down the road, distance over time

41
Q

acceleration

A

a change in velocity

ex: a car increasing its speed as it leaves from a stoplight

42
Q

what do the otolith organs detect?

A

linear motion and tilt

43
Q
A

nonrotational movement in a uniform direction

44
Q
A

the orientation of the head/body in reference to gravity

45
Q

the macula

A

otoconia
otolithic membrane
hair cells

46
Q

otoconia

A

tiny calculus carbonate stones that provides inertial mass for organs

47
Q

otolithic membrane

A

gelatinous membrane that bends with linear motion

48
Q

hair cells

A

bent by the motion of the otolithic organ, creating a neural signal

49
Q

utricle is sensitive to what?

A

utricle is sensitive to horizontal movement

50
Q

saccule is sensitive to what?

A

saccule is sensitive to vertical movement

51
Q

rotation velocity

A

once physical motion stops, you perceive rotational motion in the opposite direction

52
Q

vection

A

sense of self-motion caused by a visual stimulus moving in the opposite direction, so you feel like you’re moving due to a visual stimulus even though there is no motion

ex: carwash

53
Q

sensory integration

A

process of combining multiple sensory signals

combines the signals, yielding more accurate information than obtained by the individual sensory signals

54
Q

what is the vestibular system crucial for?

A

controlling eye movements

55
Q

how does the vestibular system stabilize the eyes?

A

heads and bodies aren’t always stable, so our visual systems automatically compensate by making correctional eye movements

56
Q

vestibule-ocular reflex (VOR)

A

reflex that helps the eyes stabilize vision by counter-rotating the eyes in the opposite direction of a head rotation

57
Q

autonomic system

A

part of the nervous system that is responsible for regulating many involuntary actions and that innervates glands, heart, digestive system, etc

sympathetic and parasympathetic

58
Q

motion sickness

A

results from disagreement between motion signals from the vestibular system and the visual system

59
Q

sea sickness

A

visual system perceives no motion, but the vestibular system perceives motion

60
Q

car sickness

A

the visual and vestibular system perceive motion forward in the front

the vestibular system perceives forward motion but the visual system doesn’t in the back

61
Q

general impairments of the vestibular system

A

spatial disorientation
imbalance
difficulty stabilizing the eyes on objects while the head moves
nausea/vomiting

62
Q

mal de débarquement syndrome

A

remaining sea sick after returning to land

63
Q

meniere’s syndrome

A

sudden onset of dizziness, imbalance, and disorientation affecting 1/500 people

Tx: medication to lower inner ear pressure or removal/destruction of the vestibular system

64
Q
A
65
Q
A

perception (14 decks)

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