chapter 8

Question 1

visual search

Answer 1

Actively scanning a complex visual environment for a specific object of interest

Question 2

how to calculate a search slope

Answer 2

set size high - set size low

Question 3

what do search slopes tell us?

Answer 3

how difficult a visual search is

easy- flat
difficult- steep

Question 4

Feature integration theory

Answer 4

A theory of visual search that aims to describe why some searches are difficult and others are not. Advanced by Anne Treisman in the 1970s. a key component of this model is that attention is needed to bind simple features.

Question 5

parallel search

Answer 5

Visual search in which multiple stimuli are processed at the same time

Question 6

serial self-terminating search

Answer 6

A search from item to item, ending when a target is found. visual attention must move to each location to conjoin the features

Question 7

illusory conjunctions

Answer 7

Sometimes people accidentally bind features from two separate objects together. This error is detrimental in conjunction search

Question 8

Modern theories of visual search

Answer 8

More modern theories of visual search, emphasize guidance by certain visual features

Question 9

What are the five factors that guide visual attention?

Answer 9

1. Bottom up salience
2. Top down feature guidance
3. Scene properties
4. Prior history
5. Value of items

Question 10

Bottom up salience

Answer 10

Some objects “pop out “visual scenes by virtue of their physical science

Question 11

Top down feature guidance

Answer 11

Explicit knowledge of the upcoming target features guides visual attention towards search items with that feature. Selectively searching things that match the feature of the target object.

Question 12

scene properties

Answer 12

context of a scene can influence which locations are searched

Question 13

prior history

Answer 13

When recent experience or prior training affects how attention is allocated to objects during visual search. Prior history could affect our intentional allocation without our conscious awareness

Question 14

Contextual cuing

Answer 14

Training phase: search difficult displays
Test phase: participate search “new” and “old” displays
Results: participants are considerably faster at searching “old “displays. They cannot explicitly identify whether or not they have seen the display before.

Question 15

value-driven guidance

Answer 15

When prior reward or value effects, intentional guidance during visual search. Several studies have trained people to attend stimuli via monetary reward. When this reward is removed, people remain biased towards the rewarded stimulus.

Question 16

Continuity errors

Answer 16

Continuity is consistency of characters, plot objects in places across the movie. Filmmakers often make little mistakes that actually disrupt continuity, but most people do not notice.

Question 17

Change blindness

Answer 17

The inability to detect substantial changes across visual scenes. This happens because our visual images are not detailed copies of the world.

Question 18

simons and chabris

Answer 18

1999
Method: people view this video, and count the number of basketball passes
Result: 42 out of 83 participants notice the gorilla

Question 19

rensink et al

Answer 19

1997
Present an original image, and an altered version of that image. A gray screen separates the two images to remove a motion transient. The participant attempts to locate the changing feature.

Question 20

What are two potential problems to renskik et al?

Answer 20

Inattention: people are not attending to the object that is changing
Memory failure: people were attending the objects, but they do not remember the original state