chapter 12

Question 1

how do we generate speech sounds?

Answer 1

respiration, phonation, articulation

Question 2

respiration

Answer 2

air must be pushed out the lungs, through the trachea, and up the larynx

Question 3

phonation

Answer 3

the process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air moves by them

Question 4

vocal folds

Answer 4

a pair of elastic tissues that vibrate to create your voice

Question 5

how do the vocal folds control pitch?

Answer 5

thickness of the vocal folds and stiffness of the vocal folds

Question 6

articulation

Answer 6

the act or manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract

Question 7

vocal tract

Answer 7

an airway above the larynx that is used as a filter to produce speech sounds

Question 8

filtered

Answer 8

frequencies are going to be dampened

Question 9

resonated

Answer 9

frequencies are going to be amplified

Question 10

format

Answer 10

a resonance in the vocal tract

Question 11

phonemes

Answer 11

the basic unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in utterances in a given language

Question 12

learning phonemes

Answer 12

not all languages have the same phonemes, which leads to considerable evidence that phoneme awareness is something that we are all born with, but we lose certain phonemes with experience

Question 13

articulating speech sounds

Answer 13

involves closing or almost closing the most hit some manner, and there are three basic variables that affect which consonant sound is produced during speech

Question 14

place of articulation

Answer 14

what part of the vocal tract is being used to obstruct airflow

Question 15

manner of articulation

Answer 15

how much is the airflow obstructed

Question 16

voicing

Answer 16

are you using your vocal folds to phonate

Question 17

coarticulation

Answer 17

speech sounds vary according to other speech sounds that precede and follow due to successive speech sounds overlapping and blending into each other
the tongue has to adapt to make a transition from the previous phoneme to the current one

Question 18

categorical perception

Answer 18

perception of different sensory stimuli as identical even though there is slight variation in the underlying physical stimuli, dividing a continuous physical variable into a discrete perception

Question 19

mcgurk effect

Answer 19

play an auditory speech sound and simultaneously a video shows the sound being generated, resulting in participants hearing a third phoneme

Question 20

what does the mcgurk effect tell us?

Answer 20

context is important in speech perception and visual image/context potently influences audition

Question 21

crossmodal perception

Answer 21

when one sensory modality affects perception in another sensory modality

Question 22

what brain areas are involved in speech perception?

Answer 22

broca and wernicke’s area

Question 23

aphasia

Answer 23

impairment in speech production or comprehension (or both) that is caused by damage to the speech centers in the brain

Question 24

broca’s area

Answer 24

damage to this brain region results in an expressive aphasia

the ability to understand speech is intact but the ability to produce speech is impaired

Question 25

wernicke’s area

Answer 25

damage to this region results in receptive aphasia

the ability to understand speech is impaired but the ability to produce speech is intact

Question 26

basic components of human languages

Answer 26

regularity
productiveness
arbitrariness
discreteness

Question 27

regularity

Answer 27

a language system must be governed by a system of stable and predictable rules

ex: adding ‘ed’ to the end of verbs for past tense

Question 28

productiveness

Answer 28

new ideas can be expressed by novel combinations of the simple parts of the language

nearly infinite amount of ideas can be expressed

Question 29

arbitrariness

Answer 29

human languages lack a necessary resemblance between the word and the object it describes

ex: dog has no resemblance of the physical form of the dog

Question 30

discreteness

Answer 30

language can be broken down into simple subunits

ex: English has different categories (verb/noun/adj)