Chapter 9

Question 1

Phonemes

Answer 1

basic sounds
-c,a,t

Question 2

Morphemes

Answer 2

smallest unit of meaning
-cats= cat + s

Question 3

Syntax

Answer 3

rules for combining words, grammar
 I rode the bus to school
 The bus to school I rode

Question 4

Semantics

Answer 4

– meaning of words
 honey vs honey

Question 5

Pragmatics

Answer 5

• How language is used in context, etiquette
   Sup, teach

Question 6

Metalinguistic awareness

Answer 6

• Knowledge about language
   Say something then correct yourself
   Have a fave word

Question 7

broca

Answer 7

production

Question 8

Wernicke

Answer 8

comprehension

Question 9

Skinner

Answer 9

• Reinforcement + Shaping

Question 10

Bandura

Answer 10

• Modeling + imitation
   Support:
  Reinforcement -> more vocalizations
  Babies copy sounds
   Criticisms

Question 11

Nativist Approach

Answer 11

 Chomsky
Language acquisition device – way our brain is
built – we have innate ability to learn language
Universal grammar: underlying structure of all
language

Question 12

Nativist Approach

Answer 12

 Support:
Infants process language similar to adults
Species specific

Question 13

Interactionist Perspective

Answer 13

 Combines Learning and Nativist
 Biological predisposition, but communication is key
 Support: “feral” children case studies

Question 14

Statistical Learning

Answer 14

 Probability
 Like predictive text
 Support: infants can pick out commonly paired
syllables/phonemes

Question 15

Statistical Learning

Answer 15

3-syllable “words”

Question 16

Prelinguistic
Communication

Answer 16

 Crying
 Babbling
 Native language and ASL
 Gesturing

Question 17

Holophrases

Answer 17

 “go”, “mine”

Question 18

Telegraphic speech

Answer 18

 “Mommy go work”

Question 19

Overregularization

Answer 19

 Foots, swimmed

Question 20

Bootstrapping

Answer 20

Syntactic - Using meaning

Question 21

Bootstrapping

Answer 21

Semantic – Using grammar

Question 22

Fast mapping

Answer 22

retaining definition after single exposure

Question 23

Fast mapping

Answer 23

through mutual exclusivity

Question 24

Taxonomic constraint

Answer 24

over-extension

Question 25

Recasting

Answer 25

rephrasing
-“mommy go work”
-“yes, mommy is going to work”

Question 26

Adult contributions

Answer 26

-joint attention
-infant-directed speech

Question 27

Infant-directed speech

Answer 27

Characteristics of IDS
Warm and affectionate
tone
High pitch
Slower speech
Exaggerated facial
expressions
Prefer over adult
directed speech
Can be signed
Common across cultures
Baby talk?

Question 28

Adults and IDS

Answer 28

 Distinguish IDS and ADS
 Better at distinguishing intention (e.g., approval,
prohibition) with IDS than ADS
 Help adults learn new language

Question 29

Changes in Speech
Perception

Answer 29

 Broad -> narrow
phonemic perception
 Like the lemur
example

Question 30

Multimodal perception

Answer 30

 Visuals play a role
Manual gestures/body language
Facial gestures

Question 31

COVID UPDATES

Answer 31

 Vocab gains – greater gains
than usual
 especially if less screen time,
parent reading
 Mask type and comprehension