Chapter 11 Flashcards
Parental sensitivity
– appropriately responsive
-not too little
-not too much
Individualistic – Avoidant
“German parents seek independent, non-clingy infants, who do not make demands on parents,
but obey their commands.”
Collectivistic – Ambivalent
“Israeli children were reared in a Kibbutz (communal living) so were used to being separated
from their mother. As a result they do not show anxiety when their mother leaves.”
How do attachment styles correlate with disorders?
Secure is least common attachment style in PD
Correlated, leaning towards third var
Ex. Disorganized & PD - Abusive parents/those affected by abuse
How do attachment styles correlate with disorders?
Insecure – higher in those with depression, anxiety, OCD, ED
Development of self – Infant / toddler
- Control of objects outside of themselves (2-4 mo)
- Separation anxiety (8-12 mo)
- Joint attention (8-12 mo)
Development of self – Infant / toddler
- Recognize self in a mirror (18-20 mo)
- Possessiveness (18-20 mo)
- Self-conscious emotions (2 yr)
- Language (2.5 yr)
Early childhood - Self
- Preschool children – some limitations to self-understanding
- Concrete
- Physical
Early childhood - Self
- Active
- Preferences
- Unrealistic / positive overestimations
- Do not yet compare self to peers
Early childhood - Others
- Psychological traits (later)
- Realistic/accurate?
- Competency/understanding – experience/coaching
- Early dev of Theory of Mind
Middle childhood - Self
- Internal characteristics
- Social descriptions
- Social comparison
Middle childhood - Self
- Realistic
- Real and ideal self
- Who I am and who I want to be
Middle childhood - Others
- Perspective taking
- Pro/anti social
- Realism/skepticism
Adolescence – Self and Others
Abstract characteristics
Self-conscious
Contradictions
Self-integration
* Contradictions are ok
Adolescence – Self and Others
Others
* Theory of Mind
* Complex
Self-concept
who am I
-I am a good student
Self-esteem
how do I feel about myself
-I am a good student, I am a bad student
Self -esteem in media and identity
- Social media – easy comparisons
- Negative impact – body image, likes
- “‘You take fifty photos, delete forty-nine and use one”
Self -esteem in media and identity benefits
- Finding community
- present genuine identity
- Models
Identity achievement
has committed and explored
Identity moratorium
has NOT committed, but has explored
Identity foreclosure
has committed, but NOT explored
Identity diffusion
has NOT committed or has NOT explored
Can you move between identities?
YES!
-MAMA cycle
Lease likely to move
-foreclosure, but not impossible
Unexamined Ethnic Identity (diffusion and foreclosure)
Positive, negative, or neutral feelings
Ambivalence/detachment
Ethnic Identity
Search/Moratorium
Highly involved and highly salient
Curiosity and realization
Ethnic Identity Achievement
Secure sense of group membership
Pride and acceptance
Ethnic and Racial Identity
Development Stages
Knowledge: know about characteristics
Ethnic and Racial Identity
Development Stages
Self-identification: categorize selves into group
Ethnic and Racial Identity
Development Stages
Constancy: permanent
Ethnic and Racial Identity
Development Stages
Racial/Ethnic socialization: what does it mean to
be part of this group
Racial/Ethnic Identity and Well-Being
- Higher levels of identification
- Higher self-esteem, well-being
- More buffered from negative effects of discrimination
Racial/Ethnic Identity and Well-Being
- Can develop multicultural identity
Behavioral/Social Cognitive Theory
Direct teaching
Modeling
Punishment/reinforcement
Gender identity (Kohlberg)
-1.5-2 years
-aware of their own gender
Gender stability (Kohlberg)
-3-5 years
-gender over time
Gender constancy (Kohlberg)
-5-7 years
-gender is stable across situations
Gender schema theory
construction of gender schemas
Identify own gender
aware of own gender
Own-gender schema
what’s appropriate for me?
In-group/out-group
schema: are you like me?
Gender Schema Theory
Flexible with age
Knowledge
of gender category
Satisfaction
with gender (contentedness)
Expectations
about conforming to stereotype
Similar to others of gender?
typicality
Role of gender in one’s identity
centrality
Identity Integration
- Contextual – domains
- Intersection – relationship between domains
Identity Integration
- Person-society – self and society
