Chapter 1&3

Question 1

Quantitative Change

Answer 1

-Changes in the amount or quality of what you are measuring
* Changes in amount
* Continuous
* Examples:
*Height
*# of words

Question 2

Qualitative Change

Answer 2

-that alter the overall quality of a process or function, and the result is something altogether different
* Changes in form
*Discontinuous
* Examples
* Taking things literally
(Another One Bites the Dust)
* Crawling to walking

Question 3

Multifinality

Answer 3

different pathways can result in the same outcome

Question 4

Niche Picking

Answer 4

You choose the environment that suits your genes.

Question 5

Operational Definition

Answer 5

-the definition of a variable in terms of the actual procedures used by the researcher to measure and/or manipulate it.
*Describing variables in a clear way
*Allow for others to replicate

Question 6

Replication

Answer 6

• Replication – re-run studies to confirm results
• Importance of clear methodology and analysis
• Why does this matter?
• Policy
• Medicine

Question 7

What is the Replication crisis?
Why is it happening?

Answer 7

• Researchers unable to
  reproduce results

Question 8

Reliability

Answer 8

consistency

Question 9

Validity

Answer 9

accuracy (are we
measuring what we are
intending to measure)

Question 10

Which of the following is a true statement?

Answer 10

You must have reliability to have validity

Question 11

Experiment

Answer 11

• Allows us the ability to infer
  causation
• Experimental & Control groups
  or conditions
• Holding everything else
  constant (ideally)
• If there is a difference, it is
  due to condition/group

Question 12

Quasi Experiment

Answer 12

*Attempts to establish cause and
effect
*Uses pre-existing
groups/differences
*Not randomly assigned

Question 13

Correlational Study

Answer 13

▪ NO cause & effect established!
▪The direction and strength of the correlation are indicated
by a statistic called a correlation coefficient

Question 14

Correlation

Answer 14

r = +.37

Question 15

Statistical

Answer 15

mathematical indication that the
results are likely not due to chance

Question 16

Practical

Answer 16

the findings are meaningful

Question 17

Effect size

Answer 17

a statistical measure of how big the difference is

Question 18

Cross-sectional design

Answer 18

Different groups
at same time

Group A (20-years old)
Group B (50-years old)
Group C (80-years old)

Question 19

Longitudinal design

Answer 19

Same groups at different time

Group A (20-years old)
Time 1

Group B (50-years old)
Time 2

Group C (80-years old)
Time 3

Question 20

Sequential Design

Answer 20

is a combination of both a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design. Using a sequential design, we study several cohorts, or age groups, over a long period of time.

Question 21

Microgenetic Design

Answer 21

in this design the term genetics refers to genesis or the beginning of a behavior not to the action of our genes.

Question 22

Ethics in Psychological Research

Answer 22

• Informed Consent
• Voluntary Participation
• Opportunity to Withdraw
• Use of Deception
• Protection from Harm and Discomfort
• Confidentiality
• Debriefing
• Assent - children

Question 23

Children must provide?

Answer 23

assent

Question 24

Nature

Answer 24

genetic inheritance “born this way”

Question 25

Nurture

Answer 25

influence of the environment, has shaped our understanding of why we act in certain ways and how we can influence human behavior

Question 26

Stage Theories

Answer 26

qualitative or discontinuous change

Question 27

Incremental Theories

Answer 27

describe development as occurring through quantitative or continuous changes

Question 28

Equifinality

Answer 28

same pathway can lead to different outcomes