Chapter 1&3 Flashcards
Quantitative Change
-Changes in the amount or quality of what you are measuring
* Changes in amount
* Continuous
* Examples:
*Height
*# of words
Qualitative Change
-that alter the overall quality of a process or function, and the result is something altogether different
* Changes in form
*Discontinuous
* Examples
* Taking things literally
(Another One Bites the Dust)
* Crawling to walking
Multifinality
different pathways can result in the same outcome
Niche Picking
You choose the environment that suits your genes.
Operational Definition
-the definition of a variable in terms of the actual procedures used by the researcher to measure and/or manipulate it.
*Describing variables in a clear way
*Allow for others to replicate
Replication
- Replication – re-run studies to confirm results
- Importance of clear methodology and analysis
- Why does this matter?
- Policy
- Medicine
What is the Replication crisis?
Why is it happening?
- Researchers unable to
reproduce results
Reliability
consistency
Validity
accuracy (are we
measuring what we are
intending to measure)
Which of the following is a true statement?
You must have reliability to have validity
Experiment
- Allows us the ability to infer
causation - Experimental & Control groups
or conditions - Holding everything else
constant (ideally) - If there is a difference, it is
due to condition/group
Quasi Experiment
*Attempts to establish cause and
effect
*Uses pre-existing
groups/differences
*Not randomly assigned
Correlational Study
▪ NO cause & effect established!
▪The direction and strength of the correlation are indicated
by a statistic called a correlation coefficient
Correlation
r = +.37
Statistical
mathematical indication that the
results are likely not due to chance
Practical
the findings are meaningful
Effect size
a statistical measure of how big the difference is
Cross-sectional design
Different groups
at same time
Group A (20-years old)
Group B (50-years old)
Group C (80-years old)
Longitudinal design
Same groups at different time
Group A (20-years old)
Time 1
Group B (50-years old)
Time 2
Group C (80-years old)
Time 3
Sequential Design
is a combination of both a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design. Using a sequential design, we study several cohorts, or age groups, over a long period of time.
Microgenetic Design
in this design the term genetics refers to genesis or the beginning of a behavior not to the action of our genes.
Ethics in Psychological Research
- Informed Consent
- Voluntary Participation
- Opportunity to Withdraw
- Use of Deception
- Protection from Harm and Discomfort
- Confidentiality
- Debriefing
- Assent - children
Children must provide?
assent
Nature
genetic inheritance “born this way”
Nurture
influence of the environment, has shaped our understanding of why we act in certain ways and how we can influence human behavior
Stage Theories
qualitative or discontinuous change
Incremental Theories
describe development as occurring through quantitative or continuous changes
Equifinality
same pathway can lead to different outcomes
