Chapter 5 Flashcards
Germinal (Stage of Prenatal Dev.)
0-2 weeks
Embryonic (Stage of Prenatal Dev.)
3-8 weeks
Fetal (Stages of Prenatal Dev.)
9 weeks-birth
Umbilical cord
nutrients to fetus, waste away from fetus
Amniotic sac
surrounds fetus and holds fluid
Amniotic fluid
cushions fetus, contains urine!
Placenta
provides oxygen and nutrients, attached to uterine wall, filter
Threats to Prenatal Development
- Teratogens: external substances that can damage fetus
–Timing – critical / sensitive periods
What did thalidomide do to babies?
Thalidomide created a range of disabilities in babies including shortening and absence of limbs, malformation of hands and digits, damage to ears and eyes, sensory impairment, facial disfigurement/palsy and damage to the brain, internal organs and skeletal structure.
-when it was taken from 4-6 weeks
Teratogens
Amount – greater expose = more likely damage
Example: On one day, did I have a small amount or big something?
Teratogens
Length
Example: Did I have the glass of wine on that one day, or did I have a glass of wine every week?
-when the baby is expose to something a continuous amount of time (length of development)
Teratogens
Individual differences – certain genes may be more sensitive
Teratogens
Sleeper Effects
-DES hormone
Marijuana Use? -No
- Current recommendations: avoid while pregnant and breastfeeding
– Preterm
– Lower weight
–Neurological – long term impact on memory and cognition, more
anxiety, hold attention
Marijuana Use? -No
- Disclaimers/limitations: confounding vars, when?
- Additional caution: legalization/usage & change in potency
Marijuana Use? -No
- Effects on sperm? – sperm count, mobility, and viability; epigenetic changes
Stage 1 Dilation and Contractions
- Early labor (up to 3 cm)
– 8-12 hours
– Mild contractions (30-45 sec, 5-30 min apart)
Stage 1 Dilation and Contractions
- Active labor (3-7 cm)
– 3-5 hours
– Stronger contractions (45-60 sec, 3-5 min apart)
Stage 1 Dilation and Contractions
- Transition (8-10 cm)
– 30 min-2 hours
– Long, intense contractions (60-90 sec, 30s-2 min apart)
Stage 2 Delivery of Baby
- 20 min – 2+ hours
- 45-90 sec, 3-5 min apart
- Urge to push
Stage 3 Delivery of Placenta
- 5-30 min
Alternative methods
- Most focus in relaxing mother and helping manage pain
- Range of medical involvement
- Pain-reducing drugs
- Doulas
Preemies
- Premature – born before 37 gestational weeks
- ~10% of pregnancies in US
Preemies
- Risk Factors
–Twins/triplets
– Smoking
– Stress
Preemies
- Underdeveloped
– Physically (size, organ function, etc.)
–Neurologically
Preemies
- NICU care
– Isolette/Incubator
–Temp/moisture regulated
– Feeding – difficulty sucking
or swallowing
– Breathing
Kangaroo Care
- Weight gain and brain growth
- Respiration Rate
- Temp regulation
- Promotes better sleep
- Increased odds of breastfeeding
- Decreases parental stress
Breastfeeding
- Infants:
– reduced risk for diabetes, childhood obesity, SIDS
–Antibodies
– Preemies– helps maintain immune system (may need to pump)
– Composition changes - when sick
- morning to night (ex. melatonin)
- Moms: reduced risk diabetes, certain breast cancer, ovarian cancer
- Plus it’s free!
Fetal Learning and behavior
- Swallowing and “Breathing”
- Tactile stimulation
- Responds to mom’s voice – heart decelerates
- Prefer sweet
- Prefer mom’s smells
