Chapter 4.2 Flashcards
Genetic testing
has potential benefits whether the results are positive or negative for a gene mutation. Test results can provide a sense of relief from uncertainty and help people make informed decisions about managing their health care.
the AAP recommends testing children when
they are at risk for developing a genetic disorder during childhood, but always advises the family to wait when the condition would not appear until adulthood unless early intervention would decrease symptoms of the illness or increase lifespan. Because testing could reveal information that can be stressful for the child or the OR for the family these rules should be discussed and plan for in advance.
Studies of Adopted Children
-To look at the relative contribution genes and environment on a particular developmental outcome, researchers must have information about both the adoptive and biological parents. We look at the coordinates rate the degree to which a trait would behavior of when individuals similar to that of another between children and their biological and adoptive parents.
-between the child and the birth plan shows the influence of jeans on that characteristic, but if it cordons right between the child and the adoptive parents shelling influencing environment.
Studies Comparing Identical and fraternal Twins
-Fraternal twins: Twins form when a mother releasing two eyes, each egg is fertilized by two different sperm.
-The small differences between twins are the environmental factors. If identical twins who almost share all their genes are more similar to each other on a trait such as sinus than fraternal twins who share only half their genes researchers conclude that genes play a role in determining whether someone is shy.
Studies of Identical Twins Reared Apart
-this type of experiment looks at identical and fraternal twins who were adopted into separate families and measure how similar each individual is to his or her twin. This research has indicated that identical twins right apart are about as similar to each other on aspects of their personality interest and social attitudes as identical twins reared together are more similar than fraternal twins reared together.
Concordance rates
the degree to which trait or behavior of one individual is similar to that of another between children and biological parents. describe the rate of probability that two people with shared genes will develop the same organic disease.
Dizygotic
they developed two (di) fertilized eggs. (Fraternal twins)
- share half their genes in common.
Monozygotic
they are the product of single (mono) fertilized egg.
-both twins have the same set of genetic material and are always the same sex.
What are some criticisms aimed at twin studies?
-Joseph, 2001, makes the case that many of these separated twins knew each other. Some were even adopted by relatives who lived in the same area, and some were raised together for a number of years before they were separated, that would mean that the environment for the twins was very similar. another criticism of this research raised by Joseph, 2001, is that the similarities between the twins might be due to the similarities age sex race ethnicity and level of attractiveness because each of these characteristics is likely to make people similar to each other even when there is no genetic relationship between them.
What is canalization? How does this concept help explain how the environment shapes gene expression? What does it mean for a trait to be deeply or shallowly canalized?
-Canalization: the degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment.
-Our environment influences our genome through the so-called epigenetic modifications. For example, with identical genetic heritages, two twins may evolve differently depending on their respective environments.
- Biological robustness or canalization comes about when developmental pathways are shaped by evolution.
