Chapter 2 Flashcards
Theory
Theory = perspective = approach
Psychoanalytic
Erikson and Freud
Cog
Piaget and Info Proc
Psychosexual
- Stages – sexual energy in
different parts of the body - Failure to resolve issues in
stage lead to problems - Behavior is motivated by
unconscious - Stops in adolescence
Psychosocial
- Stages – conflict in social
interactions - Each conflict sets stage for
later development - Behavior shaped by
interactions with others and
understanding of ourself - Continues through
adulthood
Behavior motivated by stage
Freud – unconscious sexual forces or urges 
Behavior motivated by stage
Erikson – attempting to resolve a social conflict
Behaviorism
focus on observable behavior and
external stimuli
No stages - continuous
Classical conditioning
(Pavlov/Watson)
Classical
involuntary behaviors
Operant conditioning (Skinner)
Voluntary behaviors
children continue to perform behaviors that are
reinforced
Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura
We learn by observing models
Attend to/encode, recall,
reproduce, motivation
Cognitive theories - Piaget
Constructivist
Little scientists
Children construct their
understanding of the world
Assimilation
same schema
Accommodation
Change or create
Cognitive Theories- Vygotsky
Apprentices
Social interactions (not
independent)
Scaffolding (support that
encourages
independence)
Children perform best when adequately challenged
Children learn from their society/culture
Cognitive Theories – Information Processing
Information Processing
Computers
2 models: Stores and
Connectionist/Network
Cognitive Theories – Information Processing
Executive function – need to pay attention in
order to store information
As children age, they can process more info
and faster (continuous)
Evolutionary Theory
Modern development shaped
by evolution
Biological basis
Lorenz
Attachment
Evolutionary Theory
Crying
Wrestling – seen in other species
Socially inclusive and exclusive behaviors
Microsystem
-immediate environment
example: household is tumultuous and
not a great place for remote learning
Mesosystem
-interconnections
example: parents are stressed and
fighting
Exosystem
-indirect influences
example: both parents lost job and one
found new work but with less pay
Macrosystem
-cultural, social context
example: economy hurting
Chronosystem
-historical changes; age
example: Covid, middle school
Dynamic Systems Theory
Holistic view: person + context
Dynamic = systems interact with and impact each
other
Biology
Environment
Social/cultural
Cognitions
Active role of child
