Chapter 2

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

Theory = perspective = approach

Question 2

Psychoanalytic

Answer 2

Erikson and Freud

Question 3

Cog

Answer 3

Piaget and Info Proc

Question 4

Psychosexual

Answer 4

• Stages – sexual energy in
  different parts of the body
• Failure to resolve issues in
  stage lead to problems
• Behavior is motivated by
  unconscious
• Stops in adolescence

Question 5

Psychosocial

Answer 5

• Stages – conflict in social
  interactions
• Each conflict sets stage for
  later development
• Behavior shaped by
  interactions with others and
  understanding of ourself
• Continues through
  adulthood

Question 6

Behavior motivated by stage

Answer 6

Freud – unconscious sexual forces or urges 

Question 7

Behavior motivated by stage

Answer 7

Erikson – attempting to resolve a social conflict

Question 8

Behaviorism

Answer 8

focus on observable behavior and
external stimuli
No stages - continuous
Classical conditioning
(Pavlov/Watson)

Question 9

Classical

Answer 9

involuntary behaviors

Question 10

Operant conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 10

Voluntary behaviors
children continue to perform behaviors that are
reinforced

Question 11

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 11

 Bandura
 We learn by observing models
 Attend to/encode, recall,
reproduce, motivation

Question 12

Cognitive theories - Piaget

Answer 12

 Constructivist
Little scientists
Children construct their
understanding of the world

Question 13

Assimilation

Answer 13

same schema

Question 14

Accommodation

Answer 14

Change or create

Question 15

Cognitive Theories- Vygotsky

Answer 15

 Apprentices
 Social interactions (not
independent)
 Scaffolding (support that
encourages
independence)
 Children perform best when adequately challenged
 Children learn from their society/culture

Question 16

Cognitive Theories – Information Processing

Answer 16

 Information Processing
Computers
2 models: Stores and
Connectionist/Network

Question 17

Cognitive Theories – Information Processing

Answer 17

 Executive function – need to pay attention in
order to store information
 As children age, they can process more info
and faster (continuous)

Question 18

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 18

Modern development shaped
by evolution
Biological basis
Lorenz
Attachment

Question 19

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 19

Crying
Wrestling – seen in other species
Socially inclusive and exclusive behaviors

Question 20

Microsystem

Answer 20

-immediate environment
example: household is tumultuous and
not a great place for remote learning

Question 21

Mesosystem

Answer 21

-interconnections
example: parents are stressed and
fighting

Question 22

Exosystem

Answer 22

-indirect influences
example: both parents lost job and one
found new work but with less pay

Question 23

Macrosystem

Answer 23

-cultural, social context
example: economy hurting

Question 24

Chronosystem

Answer 24

-historical changes; age
example: Covid, middle school

Question 25

Dynamic Systems Theory

Answer 25

 Holistic view: person + context
 Dynamic = systems interact with and impact each
other
Biology
Environment
Social/cultural
Cognitions
Active role of child