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Psychology 201 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

moment-to-moment awareness of self and environment, awareness of one’s own mental activity, thoughts, feelings, perceptions, etc.

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2
Q

3 levels of consciousness, according to Freud

A

conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious

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3
Q

circadian rhythms

A

cycles of behavioral and physiological changes our bodies go through

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4
Q

examples of circadian rhythm disruptions

A

jet lag, Monday morning blahs, rotating work shifts, long shifts, long work week

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4
Q

T or F: Early belief was that sleep was a time of frequent brain activity

A

F

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5
Q

EEG

A

Used to monitor brain wave activity during sleep, shows stages of sleep

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6
Q

How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?

A

4

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7
Q

Stage 1

A

Light sleep, lasts about 1-7 min, brain wave pattern becomes more irregular

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8
Q

Stage 2

A

Deeper level of sleep, characterized by sleep spindles, transitional

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9
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Brief bursts of brain wave activity lasting 1-2 seconds

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10
Q

T or F: Early belief was that sleep was a time of frequent brain activity

A

F

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10
Q

Stages 3 & 4

A

regular appearance of slow and large delta waves, called slow wave sleep

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11
Q

EEG

A

Used to monitor brain wave activity during sleep, shows stages of sleep

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11
Q

Difference between Stage 3 & 4

A

3 is transitional, 4 is deep sleep

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12
Q

How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?

A

4

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12
Q

Stage 4

A

deepest level of sleep, delta waves dominate, sleepwalking occurs here, difficult to wake from this stage, groggy & confused when awoken

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13
Q

Stage 1

A

Light sleep, lasts about 1-7 minutes, brain wave pattern becomes more irregular

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13
Q

How long does it take to get to Stage 4?

A

45-60 minutes

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14
Q

Stage 2

A

Deeper level of sleep, characterized by sleep spindles, transitional

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14
Q

Sleep pattern repeats every [blank] minutes.

A

90

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15
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Brief bursts of brain wave activity lasting 1-2 seconds

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15
Q

[blank] to [blank] cycles a night

A

4, 6

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16
Q

order of cycles

A

1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1REM

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17
Q

Stage 1 REM

A

characterized by rapid eye movements, high arousal, frequent dreaming, brainwave activity comparable to daytime levels

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24
Q

As you get older, there is a sharp [blank] in the percentage of REM sleep.

A

reduction

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25
Q

REM Sleep Paralysis

A

inability to move muscles during REM sleep

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26
Q

REM-Rebound Effect

A

Increase the amount of REM sleep after being deprived of sleep (REM sleep)

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27
Q

T or F: During the course of the night, stages 3 & 4 and REM periods both increase in length

A

F: Stages 3 & 4 decrease while REM periods increase

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28
Q

Non-REM sleep has [blank] functions

A

restorative

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29
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

can lead to fatigue, irritability & attention deficiency, can be dangerous to self and others

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30
Q

As you get older, there is a sharp [blank] in the percentage of REM sleep.

A

reduction

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31
Q

Dreaming

A

happens all stages of sleep, most bizzare & vivid dreams during REM sleep, daytime activities may influence dream content

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32
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

intentionally directing dream content, may last a few seconds or for many minutes

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33
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory

A

dreams are a disguised form of wish fulfillment

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34
Q

Sleep apnea

A

sudden stops in breathing hundreds of times every night, no recall of brief awakenings to resume breathing

35
Q

Latent content

A

hidden meaning

36
Q

Insomnia

A

sleep disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep

37
Q

Treatment of insomnia

A

prescription drugs, stimulus control techniques (behavioral approach)

38
Q

Narcolepsy

A

abrupt shift from an active, often emotional waking state into REM sleep, may experience cataplexy, may stem from a genetic defect

39
Q

Treatment of narcolepsy

A

daily naps, certain drugs (modafinil)

40
Q

Sleep apnea

A

sudden stops in breathing hundreds of times every night, no recall of brief awakenings to resume breathing

41
Q

Causes of sleep apnea

A

genetic predisposition, obesity

42
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

Sleeping infants stop breathing and die, most common cause of unexpected infant death in Western countries

43
Q

Possible causes of SIDS

A

Problems with medulla, exposure to cigarette smoke, genetic causes, accidental suffocation from sleeping face-down on a soft surface

44
Q

Nightmares

A

distressing Stage 1 REM sleep dreams

45
Q

Sleep/night terrors

A

Horrific images during stage 4 sleep, especially common in boysl, adults can suffer milder versions, treatable with drugs

46
Q

Symptoms of sleep/night terror

A

bloodcurdling scream, intensely frightened for 30 minutes, not recall episode in the morning

47
Q

Sleepwalking

A

during non-REM sleep, usually in childhood, most sleepwalkers forget activities, no consistently effective medical treatments, most children outgrow it, waking is not harmful

48
Q

Sleeptalking

A

occurs in Stage 3/4

49
Q

REM Behavior Disorder

A

Stage 1REM, normal REM paralysis does not occur, sleepers move; act out dreams, can be dangerous to dreamer/people nearby, treated with perscription drugs

50
Q

Agonists

A

Bind to receptors to mimic neurotransmitters’ effects

51
Q

Antagonists

A

Bind to receptors to block neurotransmitters’ effects

52
Q

Example of depressants

A

alcohol

53
Q

Amphetamines

A

Increase release & decrease removal of norepinephrine & dopamine

54
Q

Examples of hallucinogens

A

LSD, marijuana

55
Q

Depressants

A

reduce CNS activity by increasing an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA

56
Q

Effects of depressants

A

relaxation, drowsiness, depression

57
Q

Examples of opiates

A

opium, morphine, heroin, codeine

58
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase CNS activity, increases behavioral and mental activity

59
Q

Amphetamines

A

Increase release & decrease removal of norepinephrine & dopamine

60
Q

Effects of amphetamines

A

alertness, arousal, anxiety, appetite suppression, insomnia, non-stop talking

61
Q

Cocaine

A

produces excitation, a sense of increased muscular strength, euphoria, once widely used as a local anesthetic, still used in dentistry in a synthetic form - Novacain, originally present in Coca-Cola

62
Q

Opiates

A

aka Narcotics, relieve pain, drowsy effect; include sleep, highly addictive class of drugs

63
Q

Examples of opiates

A

opium, morphine, heroin, codeine

64
Q

Halluccinogens

A

aka Psychadelics, create a loss of reality, cause feelings of distorted body image, cause dream-like fantasies and hallucinations

65
Q

Examples of hallucinogens

A

LSD, marijuana, ketamine (Special K)

66
Q

LSD

A

hallucinatory effects attributed to stimulation of specific types of serotonin receptors in the forebrain, stimulates a subtype of dopamine receptors, non-addictive, but you do develop a tolerance

67
Q

Marijuana

A

active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), most widely-used and controversial illegal drug in the US, alters blood flow to many brain regions, continues to affect consciousness for several hours,

69
Q

Effects of low doses of marijuana

A

restlessness & hilarity, dreamy, carefree relaxation, more vivid sensations, food cravings

70
Q

prosopagnosia

A

brain condition where people cannot recognize faces, even their own, but they can recognize objects and can recognize people by their voices

71
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories,can be caused by damage to the hippocampus

72
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

feature of blood vessels in the brain that block some substances from entering brain tissue

73
Q

drug abuse

A

pattern of drug use that causes the user to have significant impairment & distress as well as serious social, legal or interpersonal problems

74
Q

addiction

A

physiological state in which continued drug use becomes necessary in order to prevent withdrawal

75
Q

drug withdrawal

A

symptoms vary, but generally opposite of the effects the drug itself has

76
Q

drug tolerance

A

condition in which increasingly larger drug doses are needed to produce the same effect

77
Q

barbiturates

A

stimulate GABA receptors and are extremely addictive

78
Q

Effects of small doses of barbiturates

A

relaxation, feelings of well-being, loss of muscle coordination and reduced attention

79
Q

Effects of large doses of barbiturates

A

deep sleep, continued use can distort sleep patterns

80
Q

GHB

A

naturally occurring substance similar to GABA, introduced as a nutritional supplement but is now a club drug

81
Q

uses for GHB

A

inducing relaxation, elation, loss of inhibition, suggestibility & increased sex drive

82
Q

effects of GHB

A

nausea & vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss of muscle control or paralysis, breathing problems & sometimes death

83
Q

effects of nicotine

A

enhances the action of acetylcholine, increases release of glutamate, activates dopamine-related pleasure system, stimulates endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems

84
Q

MDMA

A

increases the activity of dopamine-releasing neurons

85
Q

Ketamine

A

an anesthetic widely used by veterinarians to ease pain in animals and by physicians for sedating critically ill patients or suppressing dangerous seizures

86
Q

encoding

A

translation of physical properties of a stimulus into a pattern of nerve cell activity that identifies those properties

87
Q

specific energy doctrine

A

says that the stimulation of a particular sensory nerve provides codes for that one sense

Psychology 201 (8 decks)

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