Chapter 9 Flashcards
consciousness
moment-to-moment awareness of self and environment, awareness of one’s own mental activity, thoughts, feelings, perceptions, etc.
3 levels of consciousness, according to Freud
conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious
circadian rhythms
cycles of behavioral and physiological changes our bodies go through
examples of circadian rhythm disruptions
jet lag, Monday morning blahs, rotating work shifts, long shifts, long work week
T or F: Early belief was that sleep was a time of frequent brain activity
F
EEG
Used to monitor brain wave activity during sleep, shows stages of sleep
How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?
4
Stage 1
Light sleep, lasts about 1-7 min, brain wave pattern becomes more irregular
Stage 2
Deeper level of sleep, characterized by sleep spindles, transitional
Sleep spindles
Brief bursts of brain wave activity lasting 1-2 seconds
T or F: Early belief was that sleep was a time of frequent brain activity
F
Stages 3 & 4
regular appearance of slow and large delta waves, called slow wave sleep
EEG
Used to monitor brain wave activity during sleep, shows stages of sleep
Difference between Stage 3 & 4
3 is transitional, 4 is deep sleep
How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?
4
Stage 4
deepest level of sleep, delta waves dominate, sleepwalking occurs here, difficult to wake from this stage, groggy & confused when awoken
Stage 1
Light sleep, lasts about 1-7 minutes, brain wave pattern becomes more irregular
How long does it take to get to Stage 4?
45-60 minutes
Stage 2
Deeper level of sleep, characterized by sleep spindles, transitional
Sleep pattern repeats every [blank] minutes.
90
Sleep spindles
Brief bursts of brain wave activity lasting 1-2 seconds
[blank] to [blank] cycles a night
4, 6
order of cycles
1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1REM
Stage 1 REM
characterized by rapid eye movements, high arousal, frequent dreaming, brainwave activity comparable to daytime levels
As you get older, there is a sharp [blank] in the percentage of REM sleep.
reduction
REM Sleep Paralysis
inability to move muscles during REM sleep
REM-Rebound Effect
Increase the amount of REM sleep after being deprived of sleep (REM sleep)
T or F: During the course of the night, stages 3 & 4 and REM periods both increase in length
F: Stages 3 & 4 decrease while REM periods increase
Non-REM sleep has [blank] functions
restorative
Sleep deprivation
can lead to fatigue, irritability & attention deficiency, can be dangerous to self and others
As you get older, there is a sharp [blank] in the percentage of REM sleep.
reduction
Dreaming
happens all stages of sleep, most bizzare & vivid dreams during REM sleep, daytime activities may influence dream content
Lucid dreaming
intentionally directing dream content, may last a few seconds or for many minutes
Sigmund Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
dreams are a disguised form of wish fulfillment
Sleep apnea
sudden stops in breathing hundreds of times every night, no recall of brief awakenings to resume breathing
Latent content
hidden meaning
Insomnia
sleep disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep
Treatment of insomnia
prescription drugs, stimulus control techniques (behavioral approach)
Narcolepsy
abrupt shift from an active, often emotional waking state into REM sleep, may experience cataplexy, may stem from a genetic defect
Treatment of narcolepsy
daily naps, certain drugs (modafinil)
Sleep apnea
sudden stops in breathing hundreds of times every night, no recall of brief awakenings to resume breathing
Causes of sleep apnea
genetic predisposition, obesity
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Sleeping infants stop breathing and die, most common cause of unexpected infant death in Western countries
Possible causes of SIDS
Problems with medulla, exposure to cigarette smoke, genetic causes, accidental suffocation from sleeping face-down on a soft surface
Nightmares
distressing Stage 1 REM sleep dreams
Sleep/night terrors
Horrific images during stage 4 sleep, especially common in boysl, adults can suffer milder versions, treatable with drugs
Symptoms of sleep/night terror
bloodcurdling scream, intensely frightened for 30 minutes, not recall episode in the morning
Sleepwalking
during non-REM sleep, usually in childhood, most sleepwalkers forget activities, no consistently effective medical treatments, most children outgrow it, waking is not harmful
Sleeptalking
occurs in Stage 3/4
REM Behavior Disorder
Stage 1REM, normal REM paralysis does not occur, sleepers move; act out dreams, can be dangerous to dreamer/people nearby, treated with perscription drugs
Agonists
Bind to receptors to mimic neurotransmitters’ effects
Antagonists
Bind to receptors to block neurotransmitters’ effects
Example of depressants
alcohol
Amphetamines
Increase release & decrease removal of norepinephrine & dopamine
Examples of hallucinogens
LSD, marijuana
Depressants
reduce CNS activity by increasing an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA
Effects of depressants
relaxation, drowsiness, depression
Examples of opiates
opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
Stimulants
Increase CNS activity, increases behavioral and mental activity
Amphetamines
Increase release & decrease removal of norepinephrine & dopamine
Effects of amphetamines
alertness, arousal, anxiety, appetite suppression, insomnia, non-stop talking
Cocaine
produces excitation, a sense of increased muscular strength, euphoria, once widely used as a local anesthetic, still used in dentistry in a synthetic form - Novacain, originally present in Coca-Cola
Opiates
aka Narcotics, relieve pain, drowsy effect; include sleep, highly addictive class of drugs
Examples of opiates
opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
Halluccinogens
aka Psychadelics, create a loss of reality, cause feelings of distorted body image, cause dream-like fantasies and hallucinations
Examples of hallucinogens
LSD, marijuana, ketamine (Special K)
LSD
hallucinatory effects attributed to stimulation of specific types of serotonin receptors in the forebrain, stimulates a subtype of dopamine receptors, non-addictive, but you do develop a tolerance
Marijuana
active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), most widely-used and controversial illegal drug in the US, alters blood flow to many brain regions, continues to affect consciousness for several hours,
Effects of low doses of marijuana
restlessness & hilarity, dreamy, carefree relaxation, more vivid sensations, food cravings
prosopagnosia
brain condition where people cannot recognize faces, even their own, but they can recognize objects and can recognize people by their voices
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories,can be caused by damage to the hippocampus
blood-brain barrier
feature of blood vessels in the brain that block some substances from entering brain tissue
drug abuse
pattern of drug use that causes the user to have significant impairment & distress as well as serious social, legal or interpersonal problems
addiction
physiological state in which continued drug use becomes necessary in order to prevent withdrawal
drug withdrawal
symptoms vary, but generally opposite of the effects the drug itself has
drug tolerance
condition in which increasingly larger drug doses are needed to produce the same effect
barbiturates
stimulate GABA receptors and are extremely addictive
Effects of small doses of barbiturates
relaxation, feelings of well-being, loss of muscle coordination and reduced attention
Effects of large doses of barbiturates
deep sleep, continued use can distort sleep patterns
GHB
naturally occurring substance similar to GABA, introduced as a nutritional supplement but is now a club drug
uses for GHB
inducing relaxation, elation, loss of inhibition, suggestibility & increased sex drive
effects of GHB
nausea & vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss of muscle control or paralysis, breathing problems & sometimes death
effects of nicotine
enhances the action of acetylcholine, increases release of glutamate, activates dopamine-related pleasure system, stimulates endogenous cannabinoid and opioid systems
MDMA
increases the activity of dopamine-releasing neurons
Ketamine
an anesthetic widely used by veterinarians to ease pain in animals and by physicians for sedating critically ill patients or suppressing dangerous seizures
encoding
translation of physical properties of a stimulus into a pattern of nerve cell activity that identifies those properties
specific energy doctrine
says that the stimulation of a particular sensory nerve provides codes for that one sense
