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Psychology 201 > Ch. 2 (part 2) and 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 (part 2) and 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Observational method

A

watch and record behavior, performed in a lab

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2
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

performed in a natural setting, don’t interpret, non-intrusive

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3
Q

advantages of observational method

A

avoids influencing of behavior by experimenter, used with animal and human behavior

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4
Q

disadvantages of observational method

A

no causation, observer bias, participant self-consciousness

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5
Q

Case Study Method

A

An investigation of a single individual or organization over time, an in-depth analysis of an individual, group or event

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6
Q

sample

A

Subset of individuals drawn from the larger population, a segment of the population

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7
Q

population

A

Individuals you are interested in drawing conclusions about

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8
Q

random sampling

A

Every member of the population has an equal probability (chance) of being chosen to participate in the study

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9
Q

Representative sampling

A

reflects the important characteristics of the population

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10
Q

Convenience sampling

A

utilizes the most readily available individuals

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11
Q

Statistics

A

Branch of mathematics that allows one to reduce/summarize, describe and interpret numerical data

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12
Q

Two types of statistics

A

descriptive and inferential

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13
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Allows one to summarize, reduce the numerical data

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14
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Allows one to draw logical conclusions

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15
Q

two types of descriptive statistics

A

frequency distribution & histogram

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16
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Describes distribution in terms of a single statistic that is in some way typical of the sample: the middle of the distribution. This is where most individuals are.

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17
Q

3 measures of central tendency

A

mean, mode & median

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18
Q

Measures of Variability

A

Provide information about the spread of the scores in the distribution

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19
Q

range

A

The difference between the highest and the lowest score in the distribution

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20
Q

T-test and ANOVA are examples of

A

inferential statistics tests

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21
Q

statistical significance

A

unlikely that the findings occurred by chance alone

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22
Q

2 types of validity issues in research

A

internal & external

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23
Q

Internal validity

A

does the research study/experiment support clear casual conclusions?

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24
Q

External validity

A

can the results be generalized to other populations, settings or conditions? replication of the study is important.

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25
Q

3 types of threats to internal validity

A

confounding variables, the placebo effect, and experimenter expectancy effects

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26
Q

You can avoid experimenter effects by:

A

Using a single- or double-blind procedure

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27
Q

ethical standards are administered by the

A

IRB

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28
Q

T or F: Ethical standards only apply to human research

A

F

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29
Q

4 ethical principles in human research

A

informed consent, maintain confidentiality, can use deception (only when no other feasible alternative is available; benefits must outweigh the cost of deceiving), and free of physical & psychological harm

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30
Q

receptor cells

A

located in sense organs, receive stimulation

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31
Q

neurons

A

located between receptor and effector cells, transport/transmit messages

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32
Q

effector cells

A

located near muscles & glands, tell muscles to contract and glands to secrete

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33
Q

glial cells

A

don’t send or receive nerve impulses, outnumber neurons about 10 to 1, absorb toxins and waste that would damage/kill neurons

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34
Q

nerve cells

A

building blocks of the nervous system, we have 100 billion in our brain and spinal cord

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35
Q

cells do not equal

A

neurons

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36
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory/afferent neurons, interneurons, & motor/efferent neurons

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37
Q

afferent/sensory neurons

A

transmit messages from receptor cells in sense organ to the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)

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38
Q

interneurons

A

also called association neurons, connect afferent to efferent neurons

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39
Q

efferent/motor neurons

A

transmit messages from CNS to effector cells near muscles and glands, muscles contract; glands secrete

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40
Q

3 main parts of the neuron

A

dendrites, soma & axon

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41
Q

dendrites

A

short fibers, collect messages from neighboring neurons

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42
Q

soma

A

carries out basic functions of the cell, holds the nucleus

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43
Q

axon

A

long fiber, message leaves neuron by way of axon

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44
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty, white tissue that surrounds the axon, helps message travel down axon and speeds up the impulse

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45
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

breaks in myelin sheath, impulse jumps from node to node

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46
Q

axonal terminals

A

end of axon, axon splits into many parts, terminals connect to other neurons

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47
Q

terminal buttons

A

knobs at the end of the terminal, house synaptic vesicles

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48
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

tiny oval sacs that hold neurotransmitters

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49
Q

synaptic cleft/gap

A

space between 2 neurons

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50
Q

T or F: Neurons/cells don’t physically touch

A

T

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51
Q

2 states of neuron

A

resting state/potential and action state/potential

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52
Q

resting state/potential

A

no stimulation or impulse, not receiving any messages, membrane is semi-permeable, cell is polarized

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53
Q

action state/potential

A

cell stimulated, impulse, receiving message, permeable membrane, more positive ions flow in

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54
Q

2 refractory periods

A

absolute & relative

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55
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the period immediately following the action potential, cannot discharge another impulse

56
Q

relative refractory period

A

the period immediately following the absolute refractory period, impulse must be stronger than the initial impulse

57
Q

2 types of chemical reactions can occur

A

excitatory & inhibitory

58
Q

excitatory reaction

A

causes the action potential to fire

59
Q

inhibitory reaction

A

prevents the neuron from firing

60
Q

T or F: Each neurotransmitter can fit in any space in the neuron.

A

F

61
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

contains all neural structures that are outside of the brain and spinal cord

62
Q

2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic and Autonomic

63
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

division of the Peripheral Nervous System, system of sensory and motor neurons that sense and respond to our environment

64
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

a system that senses the body’s internal functions and controls many glands and muscles

65
Q

2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

66
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

fight/flight, bodily actions when you are intensely aroused (emergency situations)–heart pounds, etc.

67
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

slows down the body (causes opposite of sympathetic changes), maintains state of internal equilibrium

68
Q

Central Nervous System

A

contains the brain and the spinal cord

69
Q

Spinal cord

A

densely-packed bundle of nerve fibers, handles simple reflexes

70
Q

3 major subdivisions of the brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

71
Q

5 parts of the hindbrain

A

brainstem, medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation

72
Q

brainstem

A

point where spinal cord enters brain, supports vital life functions

73
Q

medulla

A

life-sustaining functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing and respiration

74
Q

pons

A

“bridges” the higher and lower levels of the nervous system, plays a crucial role in triggering dreams, produces chemicals that help maintain the sleep-wake cycle

75
Q

cerebellum

A

concerned with muscular movement - coordination, learning and memory; contains more neurons than the rest of the brain, regulates movement requiring precise timing, balance and coordination, functeions are easily disrupted by alcohol, ataxia

76
Q

Reticular Formation/Reticular Activiating System

A

alerts you that a message is coming in, then either blocks or allows those messages, signals importance of the message

77
Q

What does damage to the RF cause?

A

a sleep-like coma state

78
Q

RF leads to activity in the

A

locus coeruleus

79
Q

Abnormalities in the RF are linked to

A

ADHD, depression, sleep disorder, PTSD

80
Q

midbrain

A

contains clusters of sensory and motor neurons, important for hearing and sight, orienting reflex, one place where pain is registered

81
Q

forebrain

A

the brain’s most advanced portion from an evolutionary standpoint

82
Q

Thalamus

A

2 egg-shaped structures, functions like a “switchboard”, organizes inputs from sensory organs, relays pain signals from spinal cord

83
Q

Hypothalamus

A

plays a major role in hunger, thirst, body temperature & sex drive, connected to the autonomic nervous system–reactions to stress

84
Q

2 parts of the hypothalamus

A

lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus

85
Q

function of the lateral hypothalamus

A

tells you to eat

86
Q

function of the ventromedial hypothalamus

A

tells you to stop eating

87
Q

Limbic System

A

plays role in emotional behavior

88
Q

3 parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, septum

89
Q

hippocampus

A

forming and retrieving memories (particularly new ones), Alzheimer’s disease

90
Q

amygdala

A

formation of emotional memories, self-preservation (aggression), fear

91
Q

septum

A

pleasure, anger suppression

92
Q

cerebrum

A

major structure of the forebrain, constists of 2 large hemispheres that wrap around the brain stem

93
Q

corpus callosum

A

in the cerebrum, neural bridge that serves as a communication link between the 2 hemispheres that allows them to function as a single unit

94
Q

sulci

A

valleys in the cerebral cortex, separate brain into 4 lobes

95
Q

4 lobes

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

96
Q

frontal lobe

A

planning and goal-setting behavior, concentration, moral decision-making, abstract thinking, language

97
Q

motor cortex

A

in frontal lobe, controls muscles involved in voluntary body movements

98
Q

Broca’s Area

A

in frontal lobe, production of speech through its connections w/motor cortex region

99
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

feeling temperature, touch & pressure, body sense

100
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

in parietal lobe, recieves sensory input that gives rise to our sensation of heat, cold & touch, and our senses of balance and body movement. it just tells you the position your body is in, it isn’t the thing that moves your body

101
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

plays a role in hearing, facial recognition, speech comprehension

102
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

in temporal lobe, primarily involved in speech comprehension

103
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

sight/vision, each eye feeds info to occipital lobe in each hemisphere by way of optic nerves

104
Q

Principle of Opposite Control

A

each hemisphere governs movement on the opposite side of the body

105
Q

Lateralization

A

relatively greater location of a function in one hemisphere or the other

106
Q

Left hemisphere

A

language (frontal lobe), verbal abilities, speech, mathematical and logical abilities

107
Q

Right hemisphere

A

special relations, faces, mental imagery, musical and artistic abilities

108
Q

Neuropsychological tests

A

measure verbal and nonverbal behaviors of brain-damage sufferers

109
Q

destruction and simulation techniques

A

destroy portions of brain with cold, heat, electricity or chemicals

110
Q

EEG

A

put electrodes on the scalp, measures the activity of large groups of neurons

111
Q

PET scans

A

indicate specific changes in neuronal activity

112
Q

MRI scans

A

exposes the brain to a magnetic field

113
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers in nervous system, housed in synaptic vesicles

114
Q

Acetylcholin

A

neurotransmitter involved in muscle activity and memory, underproduction involved in Alzheimer’s, overproduction occurs with Black Widow bites

115
Q

Norephinephrine

A

involved in learning, memory, wakefulness, and eating. underproduction associated with depression, overproduction associated with stress and panic

116
Q

Serotonin

A

involved in mood, sleep, eating and arousal, underproduction associated with depression, sleeping and eating problems, overproduction with OCD

117
Q

Dopamine

A

involved in emotional arousal (sensations of pleasure) and movement. underproduction associated with Parkinson’s & depression, overproduction with schizophrenia

118
Q

Endochrine System

A

includes hormone secreting-glands that distribute hormones directly into your bloodstream

119
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that give slower, more widespread messages

120
Q

5 glands

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal & gonads

121
Q

Pituitary gland

A

regulates growth, water and salt metabloism; controlled by the hypothalamus; causes the uterus to contract during childbirth, causes milk production for nursing, “master” gland

122
Q

Pineal gland

A

located directly above brainstem, secretes melatonin, regulates sleep-wake cycle

123
Q

Thyroid gland

A

located in neck, secretes thyroxin (plays a role in metabolism), holds the parathyroids

124
Q

Parathyroids

A

regulate calcium & phosphate levels in body, influences excitability

125
Q

Pancreas

A

curve b/w stomach and small intestines, regulates blood sugar levels, secretes insulin & glucagon

126
Q

Underproduction of insulin leads to diabetes [blank].

A

mellitus

127
Q

Adrenal glands

A

twin structures located just above kidneys, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as about 48 other hormones, involved in body’s response, arousal when physically threatened–“fight or flight”

128
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

outer later

129
Q

Adrenal meulla

A

inner core

130
Q

gonads

A

sex glands, secrete androgen and estrogen

131
Q

androgen

A

classified as masculine, aka testosterone

132
Q

estrogen

A

classified as feminine

133
Q

T or F: Both males and females produce androgen and estrogen.

A

T

134
Q

Example of a primary sex characteristic

A

testes/ovaries

135
Q

Example of a secondary sex characteristic

A

facial hair

136
Q

testosterone is linked to [blank] behavior

A

aggressive

Psychology 201 (8 decks)

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